ch may be called the First Russian Army; a Second Russian
Army under General Russky, which was moving on Sokal from the Lutsk and
Dubno fortresses; and a Third Army under General Brussilov, which was
proceeding against the Sereth. There were about 300,000 men in each of
the two latter armies.

Now the Russian strategy on September 1, 1914, was this: It was intended
that their First Army should retire before Dankl, the Second Army to
menace Lemberg from the northeast and put its right wing between Dankl
and Von Auffenberg, and the Third Army to advance from the Sereth to
the town of Halicz on the Dniester, and so finish the investment of
Lemberg on the south and east.

It may have been, though this is not certain, that the General Staff of
the Austrians did not see the close connection between the movements of
Russky and Brussilov. It may be that they believed they had only
Brussilov to face at Lemberg, since Russky would be obliged to proceed
to the aid of the First Russian Army on the Bug.

Russky was famed as a highly scientific soldier, being a professor in
the Russian War Academy. In the war with Japan, he had been chief of
staff to General Kaulbars, the commander of the Second Manchurian Army.
Afterward, he had been closely associated with General Sukhomlinoff in
the reorganization of the Russian forces. Brussilov, whose army
consisted of men of southern Russia, was a cavalry general and had seen
service under Skobelev in the Turkish War of 1877. General Ewarts, in
charge of the Third Army, the smallest of the three, whose duty was to
fight a holding battle, was a corps commander.

No serious resistance was made by the Russians against the main Austrian
advance under General Dankl, and it proceeded almost to Lublin. At one
time it was within eleven miles of that place.

On August 10, 1914, the Austrians who had crossed the frontier had a
front of about eleven miles wide to the west of Tarnogrod. The Russian
frontier posts had a brush with the advance cavalry of the Austrians and
then fell back. There was a second skirmish at Goraj and a more serious
meeting at Krasnik, and the Russians still retreated. The Austrians were
jubilant over their victory at Krasnik and at the few delays they
encountered at the hands of the enemy. The Russians in their retreat
proceeded toward the fortified position of Zamosc or toward Lublin and
Kholm.

In the meantime Russia had been gathering an army on the line from
Lublin to K