my
would not be able to make an effective stand east of Tarnow and the
Dunajec River and so the Russians would find themselves once more on the
lines they had been forced to abandon hastily six weeks previously, when
the Germans first made their rapid advance to the Vistula. It was as a
result of this campaign and the course of the Russians in conceding
smaller successes in order to concentrate their forces at the most
important point that the Austrians found themselves driven back now at
every point, while the Russians advanced for the possession of the
western part of Galicia. It was the hope of the Russians that their
advance in Galicia would soon set free their Cossack divisions for a new
invasion of Hungary.

On November 12, 1914, the Russians sustained a defeat near Czernowitz,
capital of the Austrian province of Bukowina. The Austrians made an
unexpected movement, crossing the Pruth, a few kilometers north of
Czernowitz and suddenly attacking the Russian right wing. The Russians
were completely surprised and after a short resistance decided to fall
back upon their base, which seemed free. However, they were then taken
under fire by Austrian artillery, which caused great losses among the
Russian detachments. The battle field was strewn with corpses. Russian
forces in the Stryj valley also were forced to retire with heavy losses
by a surprise attack from an Austrian armored train and Austrian
cavalry.

The Russian offensive in Galicia toward Dounaietz nowhere encountered
resistance. The Russians occupied Krosno and inflicted heavy losses on
the Austrian rear guard.

It should be noted that during the middle of November, 1914, the
campaign on which the Russians were concentrating their attention was
against the Austrians. The Russian campaigns had consistently adhered to
the principle that in military operations important results are obtained
by bringing every force to bear upon a single point until the desired
end is accomplished. The Russians still followed this policy.

The operations in East Prussia and in western Poland were for the time
being made secondary while all energy was devoted to pushing forward the
campaign against Cracow. When they were now within fifteen miles of it,
an appeal was sent by the city to the Germans for reenforcements. The
civilians of the place removed themselves from the fortified area and
the inhabitants generally fled the locality. The German colony left for
Berlin and Bavaria