ieff's cavalry kept in close touch with the
retreating Austrians, who were attempting to shake off contact with, the
Russians and gain time to re-form their ranks back of Cracow. Part of
the Austrian troops defeated on the San had retired beyond the
Carpathians to recuperate while the Russians attacked the Austrian force
southeast of Cracow.

At this stage of hostilities, the Russians estimated that the
Austro-Hungarian casualties had amounted to 19,000 officers and 900,000
men. At the same time, it was estimated by the Austrians that the total
Russian losses had been 760,000 in dead, wounded, deserters, and
prisoners. Of these, 420,000 were attributed to the various battles
against the Austro-Hungarian forces, and 340,000 to battles against the
Germans.

The losses of the Russians in the campaigns against Austria-Hungary, as
estimated for the various engagements, were as follows: Early raids,
skirmishes, and frontier fighting, 15,000; Krasnik, Niedzfica Duza,
Lublin, 45,000; Zamosz, Komarow, Tyszowce, 40,000; first battle of
Lemberg, 45,000; second battle of Lemberg, 30,000; Rawa-Russka,
Magierow, 30,000; offensive against middle Galicia, 15,000; offensive
around Przemysl, 40,000; raising siege of Przemysl, 15,000; Carpathian
invasions, 30,000; battles on the San beyond Przemysl, to date, 25,000;
Medyka-Stari, Sambor, 40,000; outposts in the Carpathians, 15,000; last
battles of the Vistula from Sandomierz to Ivangorod, 35,000.

On December 1, 1914, the Austrians had been driven from all their
positions over a front about thirty-three miles long, which defended the
Carpathian passes from Konecha Village, twelve miles north of Bartfield
eastward--that is, on all roads leading through the Dukla Pass over the
Carpathians. This was the lowest pass anywhere available across the
mountain range and being also the widest, is in all respects best
suited for military purposes. All armies that previously had invaded the
present area of Hungary from time immemorial, via the Carpathian
Mountains, had used the Dukla Pass.

A number of points along the line mentioned, where the Austrians had
established defensive positions, were taken by the Russians, the most
easterly being south of Mezolaborez. All were taken by assault. Many
guns, Maxims, and prisoners were captured. An energetic Russian advance
continued to push the Austrians back toward Cracow. The Austrians
evacuated one position after another with large losses.

The Russi