rge for safety, so that there was a hurrying of forces
from the left bank of the Vistula to fill the gap. Later, as the Russian
strength grew, an entirely new Austrian army was assembled, consisting,
it seems, of portions of the Third or Reserve Army under Archduke Joseph
Ferdinand, which was augmented by two corps withdrawn from the Serbian
frontier, and also some German troops.

The "Fourth" Army, under the command of the Archduke, was referred to
thereafter in official announcements by Russia as the "Tomaszow Army."
To strengthen Dankl's left, which lay upon the Vistula at Opolie, German
troops from Breslau also were brought up.

In the last part of August and the first part of September, 1914, there
was considerable confused fighting between detached forces on both sides
in the frontier country between Zamosc and Sokal. Both sides claimed
successes. The Russians claimed that their wedge was driven through
successfully to Tomaszow and that there a severe defeat was administered
to the Austrians.

From there the latter retired to the swampy land about Bilgoraj and upon
Tarnograd. The tactics of the Russians had put a last barrier between
the two principal sections of the Austrians. Interest thereafter
centered in Dankl's First Army.

Fighting on the Lublin-Kholm front, having been purely defensive on the
part of the Russians, at first, had grown fiercer as days passed, until
there was continuous battle along the entire line. When Von Auffenberg
had been defeated and his right and rear threatened, the condition of
the northern army seemed so critical that General Dankl decided to force
the issue. He might fall back or break through the Russian defense. He
decided to attempt to pierce the line between Lublin and Kholm. On
September 2, 1914, the Tenth Austrian Army Corps led the assault against
the weaker part of the Russian line and reached within eleven miles of
Lublin. There it was halted, and so the Austrian offensive seems to have
spent itself.

As we have seen, the Russian offensive began definitely on September 4,
1914. According to the Russian official announcement, two days later,
"the enemy's center, lying in the region West of Krasnostaw (this being
almost due north of Zamosc, about halfway to the center of a line drawn
from Lublin to Kholm) was particularly disorganized. The Forty-fifth
Austrian Regiment including the colonel, forty-four officers, and 1,600
men were surrounded, and surrendered." The same