losses were put by Russia at from 35 to 50 per cent. Even the small
estimate is said by Austria to be an exaggeration.

The Russians now held all eastern Galicia, and were masters of Lemberg,
Jaroslav, Brody, Busk, Tarnopol, Grodek, Brzezany, Sambor, and other
towns of no little importance, and also of the railroads between these
towns. They also were in control of the oil fields of Galicia, of
considerable importance to them at this time, and of the valuable
agricultural resources of Galicia, or of such part of it as they
occupied. Przemysl alone held out. Russian cavalry was already trying
the approach to the Carpathians from the Dukla Pass to the Bukowina.

CHAPTER LXIX

INVESTITURE OF PRZEMYSL

Many fortresses lost a reputation of long standing for strength during
the Austro-Russian campaign. Grodek and Rawa-Russka, with fine natural
defenses and excellent works, were carried by assault after gallant
resistance. Lemberg's defenses were reputed to be powerful, but no
attempt was made to utilize them. The fall of Jaroslav has never been
explained. It was considered generally to be stronger than Namur or
Liege, and a prolonged resistance was anticipated there. It withstood
attack for only two days. When heavy guns were brought to bear on it by
the Russians the garrison withdrew. Przemysl seems, alone of all the
Austrian defenses, to have justified its reputation.

Przemysl was not only a strongly fortified place but a beautiful city as
well, surrounded with flower gardens and orchards. Its history, like
that of Lemberg, had been a stormy one. Its population in 1914,
including residents of its suburbs, was about 50,000, principally Poles
and Ruthenes, who lived together in amity and great religious
toleration. In September of that year, when the Russians made their
whirlwind advance, there was, according to official reports from Vienna,
an army of 80,000 based on the city, under the leadership of General
Boroyevich.

With a large part of this army, Boroyevich was reported to have moved to
the line of the Wisloka to give aid to Dankl's hard-pushed troops as
they made their stand on that river. It was understood that many of Von
Auffenberg's soldiers, as they fell back, were employed as a garrison
for the fortress. At the time of its investment it was said to contain
about 100,000 men, with its defense in charge of General Kusmanek.
Afterward the strength of the garrison was increased.

It has been indic