shells also were carried in the proportion of two to five of shrapnel.
The gun had a long recoil on its carriage, which absorbed the shock and
the gun returned to its place. This made rapid fire possible.

Like the other powers, Austria-Hungary had adopted a howitzer for its
heavy batteries. It fired a shell of 38.132 pounds. There was also a
heavy gun in use, a 10.5 centimeter, corresponding to a 4.1-inch gun.
The ammunition was like that of a howitzer--a shell weighing 38.132
pounds, which contained a high-explosive bursting charge and shrapnel
with 700 bullets, fifty to the pound. On the march the carriage was
separated from the gun, and each was drawn by six horses.

The mountain regions on all the frontiers of the Dual Monarchy resounded
on these August days of 1914 with the mountain artillery. The
10.5-centimeter guns and 4.1-inch howitzer quick firers threw a shell of
thirty-two pounds. This howitzer had a range of more than 6,000 yards,
and was a powerful weapon. The 30.5-centimeter mortars fired a shell of
858 pounds with a bursting charge of 56 pounds of ecrasite. The extreme
range of this mortar was about six miles. Ten rounds could be fired each
hour. Two guns and their ammunition lorries were drawn by three large
tractors. An hour was required to get one of these guns ready for
action.

Let us enter the headquarters of the Austrian army at the beginning of
the Russian campaign. There we meet the engineer staff, which built and
besieged fortresses, and a military works department, which built and
maintained buildings that were not immediately connected with
fortifications. Austria-Hungary had only a few fortresses of modern
construction. The intrenched camps in Galicia, Cracow, and Przemysl were
soon to be besieged, and between them was a fortress known as Jaroslav,
of insignificant value, like that of Huy between Liege and Namur in
Belgium.

The Austrian army had not made as much progress in aeronautics as those
of other nations. There was a depot for dirigibles at Fischamend, about
eleven miles southeast of Vienna, but only a few dirigibles were ready
for service. These were of the Parsefal type. There were a number of
captive balloons. The number of aeroplanes available was very small. A
school for teaching aviation had been established at Vienna-Neustadt.

The faces of the soldiers of the Austria-Hungarian army on the Russian
frontier denoted many races, but it possessed considerable solidarity.
Of