80 (the jubilee of the Augsburg
Confession) by the Lutheran Church in an attempt to heal the breach
which, since the death of Luther, had been widening between the extreme
Lutherans and the Crypto-Calvinists. Previous attempts at concord had
been made at the request of different rulers, especially by Jacob Andrea
with his Swabian Concordia in 1573, and Abel Scherdinger with the
Maulbronn Formula in 1575. In 1576 the elector of Saxony called a
conference of theologians at Torgau to discuss these two efforts and
from them produce a third. The _Book of Torgau_ was evolved, circulated
and criticized; a new committee, prominent on which was Martin Chemnitz,
sitting at Bergen near Magdeburg, considered the criticisms and finally
drew up the _Formula Concordiae_. It consists of (a) the "Epitome," (b)
the "Solid Repetition and Declaration," each part comprising twelve
articles; and was accepted by Saxony, Wurttemberg, Baden among other
states, but rejected by Hesse, Nassau and Holstein. Even the free cities
were divided, Hamburg and Lubeck for, Bremen and Frankfort against.
Hungary and Sweden accepted it, and so finally did Denmark, where at
first it was rejected, and its publication made a crime punishable by
death. In spite of this very limited reception the _Formula Concordiae_
has always been reckoned with the five other documents as of
confessional authority.

See P. Schaff, _Creeds of Christendom_, i. 258-340, iii. 92-180.

CONCORDANCE (Late Lat. _concordantia_, harmony, from _cum_, with, and
_cor_, heart), literally agreement, harmony; hence derivatively a
citation of parallel passages, and specifically an alphabetical
arrangement of the words contained in a book with citations of the
passages in which they occur. Concordances in this last sense were first
made for the Bible. Originally the word was only used in this connexion
in the plural _concordantiae_, each group of parallel passages being
properly a _concordantia_. The Germans distinguish between concordances
of things and concordances of words, the former indexing the subject
matter of a book ("real" concordance), the latter the words ("verbal"
concordance).

The original impetus to the making of concordances was due to the
conviction that the several parts of the Bible are consistent with each
other, as parts of a divine revelation, and may be combined as
harmonious elements in one system of spiritual truth. To Anthony of
Padua (1195-1231) ancient trad