e exchange of
consenting words" (ibid. p. 367; cf. the similar decretal of Alexander
III. on p. 371). The great medieval canon lawyer Lyndwood illustrates
the difficulty of distinguishing, even as late as the middle of the
15th century, between concubinage and a clandestine, though legal,
marriage. He falls back on the definition of an earlier canonist that
if the woman eats out of the same dish with the man, and if he takes
her to church, she may be presumed to be his wife; if, however, he
sends her to draw water and dresses her in vile clothing, she is
probably a concubine (_Provinciale_, ed. Oxon. 1679, p. 10, _s.v.
concubinarios_).

[5] It may be gathered from the Dominican C. L. Richard's _Analysis
Conciliorum_ (vol. ii., 1778) that there were more than 110 such
complaints in councils and synods between the years 1009 and 1528. Dr
Rashdall (_Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages_, vol. ii. p.
691, note) points out that a master of the university of Prague, in
1499, complained openly to the authorities against a bachelor for
assaulting his concubine.

CONDE, PRINCES OF. The French title of prince of Conde, assumed from the
ancient town of Conde-sur-l'Escaut, was borne by a branch of the house
of Bourbon. The first who assumed it was the famous Huguenot leader,
Louis de Bourbon (see below), the fifth son of Charles de Bourbon, duke
of Vendome. His son, Henry, prince of Conde (1552-1588), also belonged
to the Huguenot party. Fleeing to Germany he raised a small army with
which in 1575 he joined Alencon. He became leader of the Huguenots, but
after several years' fighting was taken prisoner of war. Not long after
he died of poison, administered, according to the belief of his
contemporaries, by his wife, Catherine de la Tremouille. This event,
among others, awoke strong suspicions as to the legitimacy of his heir
and namesake, Henry, prince of Conde (1588-1646). King Henry IV.,
however, did not take advantage of the scandal. In 1609 he caused the
prince of Conde to marry Charlotte de Montmorency, whom shortly after
Conde was obliged to save from the king's persistent gallantry by a
hasty flight, first to Spain and then to Italy. On the death of Henry,
Conde returned to France, and intrigued against the regent, Marie de'
Medici; but he was seized, and imprisoned for three years (1616-1619).
There was at that time before the court a plea for his