gneurs, son industrie, &c._ (Caen, 1883).

CONDE, JOSE ANTONIO (1766-1820), Spanish Orientalist, was born at
Peraleja (Cuenca) on the 28th of October 1766, and was educated at the
university of Alcala. His translation of Anacreon (1791) obtained him a
post in the royal library in 1795, and in 1796-1797 he published
paraphrases from Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, Sappho and Meleager. These
were followed by a mediocre edition of the Arabic text of Edrisi's
_Description of Spain_ (1799), with notes and a translation. Conde
became a member of the Spanish Academy in 1802 and of the Academy of
History in 1804, but his appointment as interpreter to Joseph Bonaparte
led to his expulsion from both bodies in 1814. He escaped to France in
February 1813, and returned to Spain in 1814, but was not allowed to
reside at Madrid till 1816. Two years later he was re-elected by both
academies; he died in poverty on the 12th of June 1820. His _Historia de
la Dominacion de los Arabes en Espana_ was published in 1820-1821. Only
the first volume was corrected by the author, the other two being
compiled from his manuscript by Juan Tineo. This work was translated
into German (1824-1825), French (1825) and English (1854). Conde's
pretensions to scholarship have been severely criticized by Dozy, and
his history is now discredited. It had, however, the merit of
stimulating abler workers in the same field.

CONDENSATION OF GASES.

Critical temperature.

If the volume of a gas continually decreases at a constant temperature,
for which an increasing pressure is required, two cases may occur:--(1)
The volume may continue to be homogeneously filled. (2) If the substance
is contained in a certain volume, and if the pressure has a certain
value, the substance may divide into two different phases, each of which
is again homogeneous. The value of the temperature T decides which case
will occur. The temperature which is the limit above which the space
will always be homogeneously filled, and below which the substance
divides into two phases, is called the _critical temperature_ of the
substance. It differs greatly for different substances, and if we
represent it by Tc, the condition for the condensation of a gas is that
T must be below Tc. If the substance is divided into two phases, two
different cases may occur. The denser phase may be either a liquid or a
solid. The limiting temperature for these two cases, at which the
division into thre