in
the bull _Primitiva_ (August 18, 1516), and promulgated as law of the
realm in 1517, but not without rousing keen opposition. All bishoprics,
abbeys and priories were in the royal nomination, the canonical
institution belonging to the pope. The pope preserved the right to
nominate to vacant benefices _in curia_ and to certain benefices of the
chapters, but all the others were in the nomination of the bishops or
other inferior collators. However, the exercise of the pope's right of
provision still left considerable scope for papal intervention, and the
pope retained the annates.

In the 17th century we have only to mention the concordat between Urban
VIII. and the emperor Ferdinand II. for Bohemia in 1640. In the 18th
century concordats are numerous: there are two for Spain, in 1737 and
1753; two for the duchy of Milan, in 1757 and 1784; one for Poland, in
1736; five for Sardinia and Piedmont, in 1727, 1741, 1742, 1750 and
1770; and one for the kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1741.

After the political and territorial upheavals which marked the end of
the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, all these concordats
either fell to the ground or had to be recast. In the 19th century we
find a long series of concordats, of which a good number are still in
force. The first in date and importance is that of 1801, concluded for
France between Napoleon, First Consul, and Pius VII. after laborious
negotiations. Save in the provisions relating to ecclesiastical
benefices, all the property of which had been confiscated, it reproduced
the concordat of 1516. The pope condoned those who had acquired church
property; and by way of compensation the government engaged to give the
bishops and cures suitable salaries. The concordat was solemnly
promulgated on Easter Day 1802, but the government had added to it
unilateral provisions of Gallican tendencies, which were known as the
Organic Articles. After having been the law of the Church of France for
a century, it was denounced by the French government in 1905. It
remains, however, partly in force for Belgium and Alsace-Lorraine, which
formed part of French territory in 1801.

We conclude with a brief chronological survey of the concordats during
the 19th century, some now abrogated or replaced, others maintained. It
must be observed that the denunciation of a concordat by a nation does
not necessarily entail the separation of the church and the state in
that country or the ruptur