e of diplomatic relations with Rome.

1803. For the Italian republic, between Napoleon and Pius VII.,
analogous to the French concordat; abrogated.

1813. It is impossible to designate as a concordat the concessions which
were wrested by violence from Pius VII. when ill and in seclusion at
Fontainebleau, and which he at once retracted.

1817. For Bavaria; still in force.

1817. New French concordat, in which Louis XVIII. endeavoured to revive
the concordat of 1516; but it was not put to the vote in the chambers,
and never came into force.

1817. For Piedmont, completed in 1836 and 1841; was suppressed, like
all other Italian concordats, by the formation of the kingdom of Italy.

1818. For the Two Sicilies, completed in 1834; lasted until the invasion
of the kingdom of Naples by Piedmont.

1821. For Prussia; still in force.

1821. For the Rhine provinces not incorporated in Prussia, with the
special object of regulating episcopal elections; concerned Wurttemberg,
Baden, Hesse, Saxony, Nassau, Frankfort, the Hanseatic towns, Oldenburg
and Waldeck. This first concordat was immediately suspended, and was not
ratified until 1827; it is partially maintained. It had to be replaced
by new concordats concluded with Wurttemberg in 1857 and the grand-duchy
of Baden in 1859; but these conventions, not having been ratified by
those countries, never came into force.

1824. For the kingdom of Hanover; maintained.

1827. For Belgium and Holland; abandoned by a common accord.

1828 and 1845. For Switzerland, for the reorganization of the bishoprics
of Basel and Soleure; in force.

1847. For Russia, never applied by Russia. It was followed by several
partial conventions.

1851. For Tuscany; lasted until the formation of the kingdom of Italy.

1851. For Spain, completed in 1859 and 1888; in force.

A convention on the religious orders was concluded in 1904, but had not
received the assent of the Senate in 1908.

1855. For Austria; denounced in 1870. Several of its provisions are
maintained by unilateral Austrian laws. The emperor of Austria continues
to nominate to bishoprics by virtue of rights anterior to this
concordat.

1857. For Portugal, completed in 1886 for the Portuguese possessions in
the Indies; in force.

1886. For Montenegro; in force.

The numerous concordats concluded towards the middle of the 19th century
with several of the South American republics either have not come into
force or have been denou