iations
were resumed by Pope Calixtus II. and ended in the concordat of Worms
(1122), which was confirmed in 1177 by the convention between Alexander
III. and the emperor Frederick I. In this concordat a distinction was
made between spiritual investiture, by the ring and pastoral staff, and
lay or feudal investiture, by the sceptre. The emperor renounced
investiture by ring and staff, and permitted canonical elections; the
pope on his part recognized the king's right to perform lay investiture
and to assist at elections. Analogous to this convention was the
concordat concluded between Nicholas IV. and the king of Portugal in
1289.

The lengthy discussions on ecclesiastical benefices in Germany ended
finally in the concordat of Vienna, promulgated by Nicholas V. in 1448.
Already at the council of Constance attempts had been made to reduce the
excessive papal reservations and taxes in the matter of benefices,
privileges which had been established under the Avignon popes and during
the Great Schism; for example, Martin V. had had to make with the
different nations special arrangements which were valid for five years
only, and by which he renounced the revenues of vacant benefices. The
council of Basel went further: it suppressed annates and all the
benefice reservations which did not appear in the _Corpus Juris_.
Eugenius IV. repudiated the Basel decrees, and the negotiations
terminated in what was called the "concordat of the princes," which was
accepted by Eugenius IV. on his death-bed (bulls of February 5 and 7,
1447). In February 1448 Nicholas V. concluded the arrangement, which
took the name of the concordat of Vienna. This concordat, however, was
not received as law of the Empire. In Germany the concessions made to
the pope and the reservations maintained by him in the matter of taxes
and benefices were deemed excessive, and the prolonged discontent which
resulted was one of the causes of the success of the Lutheran
Reformation.

In France the opposition to the papal exactions had been still more
marked. In 1438 the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges adopted and put into
practice the Basel decrees, and in spite of the incessant protests of
the Holy See the Pragmatic was observed throughout the 15th century,
even after its nominal abolition by Louis XI. in 1461. The situation was
modified by the concordat of Bologna, which was personally negotiated by
Leo X. and Francis I. of France at Bologna in December 1515, inserted