des Martyrers_;
and Lightfoot's fragmentary essay in his _Clement of Rome_, ii. 503-512.
See also APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE, section "New Testament."

GOSPEL OF BARNABAS.--We read in antiquity, _e.g._ in the _Decretum
Gelasii_, of an apocryphal Gospel of Barnabas (see APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE),
but we have no knowledge of its contents. There exists, however, in a
single MS. in Italian a longish gospel with this title, written from a
Mahommedan standpoint, but probably embodying materials partly Gnostic in
character and origin. The Italian MS. was found by the Deist, John Toland,
in a private collection at Amsterdam (see his _Nazarenus_, 1718);
subsequently it came into the possession of Prince Eugene of Savoy, and
finally was obtained with Eugene's library by the imperial library at
Vienna. It has been edited, with an English translation (1907) by (Rev.)
Lonsdale and Laura Ragg, who hold that it was the work of a Christian
renegade to Mahommedanism about the 13th-16th century. See also preliminary
notice in the _Journal of Theol. Studies_, vi. 424 ff. The old view held by
Toland and others that the Italian was a translation from the Arabic is
demonstrably wrong. The Arabic marginal notes are apparently partly pious
ejaculations, partly notes for the aid of Arabic students. The work is
highly imaginative and often grotesque, but it is pervaded by an unusually
high ethical enthusiasm.

(J. V. B.)

[1] His reference to the wide prevalence of circumcision beyond Israel (ix.
6) is perhaps simply an exaggeration, more or less conscious.

[Illustration: 1. _Scalpellum rostratum_, Darwin, Philippine Islands.
2. _Pollicipes cornucopiae_, Leach, European seas.
3. _Tubicinella trachealis_, Shaw, attached to whales.
4. _Acasta sulcata_, Lamk., in sponges, New South Wales; (4'), tergum;
(4"), scutum.
5. _Balanus tintinnabulum_, Linn., Atlantic.
5'. Section of _Balanus_, Linn.
6. _Coronula diadema_, Linn., attached to whales.]

BARNACLE, a name applied to Crustacea of the division _Cirripedia_ or
_Thyrostraca_. Originally, the name was given to the stalked barnacles
(_Lepadidae_ of C. Darwin), which attach themselves in great numbers to
drift-wood and other objects floating in the sea and are one of the chief
agents in the fouling of ships' bottoms during long voyages. The sessile
barnacles (_Balanidae_ of Darwin) or "acorn-shells" are found in myriads,
encrusting the rocks between tide-marks on all coasts. One of the most
extrao