Lutheran theology, and the statute of Six Articles (1539), followed
by the king's disgust with Anne of Cleves (1540), brought the agents of
that policy to ruin. An attack upon Bishop Gardiner by Barnes in a sermon
at St Paul's Cross was the signal for a bitter struggle between the
Protestant and reactionary parties in Henry's council, which raged during
the spring of 1540. Barnes was forced to apologize and recant; and Gardiner
delivered a series of sermons at St Paul's Cross to counteract Barnes'
invective. But a month or so later Cromwell was made earl of Essex,
Gardiner's friend, Bishop Sampson, was sent to the Tower, and Barnes
reverted to Lutheranism. It was a delusive victory. In July, Cromwell was
attainted, Anne of Cleves was divorced and Barnes was burnt (30th July
1540). He also had an act of attainder passed against him, a somewhat novel
distinction for a heretic, which illustrates the way in which Henry VIII.
employed secular machinery for ecclesiastical purposes, and regarded heresy
as an offence against the state rather than against the church. Barnes was
one of six executed on the same day: two, William Jerome and Thomas
Gerrard, were, like himself, burnt for heresy under the Six Articles;
three, Thomas Abel, Richard Fetherstone and Edward Powell, were hanged for
treason in denying the royal supremacy. Both Lutherans and Catholics on the
continent were shocked. Luther published Barnes' confession with a preface
of his own as _Bekenntnis des Glaubens_ (1540), which is included in
Walch's edition of Luther's _Werke_ xxi. 186.

See _Letters and Papers of Henry VIII._ vols. iv.-xv. _passim_;
Wriothesley's _Chronicle_; Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, ed. G. Townsend
Burnet's _Hist. of the Ref._, ed. Pocock; Dixon's _Hist. of the Church_;
Gairdner's _Church in the XVIth Century_; Pollard's _Henry VIII. and
Cranmer_; Herzog-Hauck, _Realencyklopadie_, 3rd ed.

(A. F. P.)

BARNES, THOMAS (1785-1841), British journalist, was born about 1785.
Educated at Christ's Hospital and Pembroke College, Cambridge, he came to
London and soon joined the famous literary circle of which Hunt, Lamb and
Hazlitt were prominent members. Upon the retirement of Dr Stoddart in 1817
he was appointed editor of _The Times_, a position which he held until his
death, when he was succeeded by Delane. Lord Lyndhurst gave expression to a
very widely-held opinion when he described him as "the most powerful man in
the country." He died on the 7th o