oved to New York in 1834, and in 1835 began
his career as a showman, with his purchase and exploitation of a coloured
woman, Joyce Heth, reputed to have been the nurse of George Washington, and
to be over a hundred and sixty years old. With this woman and a small
company he made well-advertised and successful tours in America till 1839,
though Joyce Heth died in 1836, when her age was proved to be not more than
seventy. After a period of failure, he purchased Scudder's American Museum,
New York, in 1841; to this he added considerably, and it became one of the
most popular shows in the United States. He made a special hit by the
exhibition, in 1842, of Charles Stratton, the celebrated "General Tom
Thumb" (see DWARF). In 1844 Barnum toured with the dwarf in England. A
remarkable instance of his enterprise was the engagement of Jenny Lind to
sing in America at $1000 a night for one hundred and fifty nights, all
expenses being paid by the _entrepreneur_. The tour began in 1850. Barnum
retired from the show business in 1855, but had to settle with his
creditors in 1857, and began his old career again as showman and museum
proprietor. In 1871 he established the "Greatest Show on Earth," a
travelling amalgamation of circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks," &c.
This show, incorporated in the name of "Barnum, Bailey & Hutchinson," and
later as "Barnum & Bailey's" toured all over the world. In 1907 the
business was sold to Ringling Brothers. Barnum wrote several books, such as
_The Humbugs of the World_ (1865), _Struggles and Triumphs_ (1869), and his
_Autobiography_ (1854, and later editions). He died on the 7th of April
1891.

BAROCCHIO (or BAROZZI), GIACOMO, called DA VIGNOLA (1507-1573), Italian
architect, was born at Vignola in the Modenese territory on the 1st of
October 1507. His early work was conducted at Bologna, Piacenza, Assisi and
Perugia, until he was summoned to Rome as papal architect under Pope Julius
III. In 1564 he succeeded Michelangelo as the architect of St Peter's, and
executed various portions of that fabric, besides a variety of works in
Rome. The designs for the Escorial were also supplied by him. He is the
author of an excellent work on the _Five Orders of Architecture_ (Rome,
1563), and another work on _Practical Perspective_ (Rome, 1583). To his
extensive acquirements and exquisite taste were superadded an amenity of
manners and a noble generosity that won the affection and admiration of all
who knew