treat the other shoulder lines in a similar manner. If the marking knife
or penknife blade has been used with a fair amount of pressure so as to
score the fibres of the wood, this small channel, which is to form a
guide for the saw, will quickly and easily be cut. Next place the wood in
the vice or on the cutting board as shown at Fig. 89, and begin by sawing
lightly at the back edge as shown. When the saw has entered the wood 1/4
in. gradually bring the handle down from position A to position B (dotted
lines) whilst the saw is in motion. Continue sawing until just on the
gauge line; then treat the other shoulder lines in a similar manner.

[Illustration: Fig. 89.--Sawing the Shoulders.]

CHISELLING AWAY WASTE.--Fix your wood firmly in any suitable manner, vice
or otherwise, and, holding your chisel tilted as at Fig. 90, pare away
the blacked portion 1; then pare away the blacked portion 2; after which
hold the chisel flat and by gradual operations pare away the dotted lines
3, until you come down to the gauge line; then repeat the method of
cutting on the opposite side of the wood. If any difficulty be
experienced by chipped or ragged edges whilst chiselling, it can easily
be overcome by chiselling alternately from the outside of the wood, so
that the finish of the chisel cut takes place in the centre of the work.
Some prefer to chisel away the waste by placing the wood on its edge and
using the chisel vertically instead of horizontally. The same methods (1,
2 and 3) hold good in this case.

[Illustration: Fig. 90.--Chiselling away Waste.]

JOINTS OTHER THAN AT 90 deg..--The two pieces forming a bridle joint are not
always at right angles, as at Fig. 81; in many instances it is necessary
that the joint be at other than 90 degrees. The work, however, is treated
in a similar manner, with the exception that an adjustable joiner's bevel
is used instead of a try square to mark out the shoulder lines, and that
a change of direction in the grain of the wood will occur when chiselling
out the work. Fig. 91 indicates the change in the grain of the wood, and
the adjustable joiner's bevel is also shown.

[Illustration: Fig. 91.--Bridle Joint at Angle other than Right Angle.]

[Illustration: Fig. 92.--Sawing off Waste from Bridle Joint. (See
reference on page 39.)]

THE TONGUED AND GROOVED JOINT

The tongued and grooved joint is used in one form or another throughout
the whole of the woodworking trades, covering, as