dow frames. In one or other of its many and varied forms it may be
classed as the most important joint in the general woodworking trade. The
joint may be used as an internal one, as shown at the lower rail, Fig.
176, or as an external joint, as the upper rail of the same illustration.

Whatever type of framing has to be made, it is necessary that the face
side of the wood be planed up straight and out of winding, and the face
mark (as shown in Fig. 176) pencilled upon it. The best edge of the
timber should next be planed up true in length, and square to the face
side, and the edge mark (X) clearly placed upon it.

The marking gauge is now set to the desired width, and gauge lines are
marked on the wood, after which the waste wood is planed off until the
timber is the required width. The thickness is gauged and treated in a
similar manner, except in such cases where the finished work is to be of
a rough and ready character.

THE TWO STILES (or uprights) have their faces turned to touch each other,
as shown at Fig. 177, and their length may be anything from 1 in. to 3
ins. longer than the required finished size. This waste wood at each end
of the stiles (see arrow HO) is of importance to the work, as it prevents
to a great extent the bursting of the mortise whilst cutting the hole or
when knocking together the work. The small projection is called the
"horn," and it is cut off after the frame has been put together.

[Illustration: Fig. 178.--Setting Out the Stiles with Marking Knife.]

[Illustration: Fig. 179.--How to Saw the Tenons--First Operation.]

THE TWO CROSS RAILS (Fig. 177), have their faces placed together as shown
in the sketch. These rails may with advantage be left 1/2 in. longer than
the finished size, and the portion of the tenon (which will protrude
through the stile 1/4 in. at each end) may be cut off after the work is
put together. (See Fig. 92.)

Set out the stiles with a marking knife or penknife and a try square, as
shown at Fig. 178. In this sketch only one stile is shown for clearness
of representation, but two or more stiles (as at Fig. 177) may be marked
out at the same time, provided a 12-in. try square be used; in fact,
marking out the stiles in pairs is to be recommended, as all cross lines
will be exact owing to their being marked at the same operation. The cut
made by the marking knife should be lightly carried all round the work as
the mortising is cut from each edge of the stile, the cu