, called a turned patera, is inserted in the hole, thus
giving an ornamental finish, as shown in the front view. The turned
patera is driven fairly tightly into the hole, but not glued. When it is
required to take the article apart a chisel is carefully inserted under
the edge of the patera to remove it, and the screw can then be taken out.
This method is often used for the construction of light hanging bookcases
and similar objects. For a bookcase having an end 8 ins. wide three of
these turned buttons and three screws would be used to secure the shelf
to the end. Pateras in different styles may be purchased from any dealer
in woodworking sundries.

BUTTONING.--The tops of tables, sideboards, etc., should not be fixed
with screws in the ordinary way. At the front, screws can be driven
upwards through the top rail, but at the sides and back, buttons should
be employed, as in Fig. 359, so that the top is free to shrink. It is
otherwise liable to split if immovably fixed. The tops of kitchen tables
are usually fixed in this way, to allow for shrinkage.

[Illustration: Fig. 359.--Method of Buttoning a Table Top.]

FRAMES FOR OIL PAINTINGS.--The method of making joints for frames on
which the canvas is stretched for oil paintings is shown at Fig. 360.
They are generally mitred at the corners and fitted with loose wedges.
The four parts of the frame can be held temporarily by a piece of thin
board while the canvas is being tacked to the edges of the frame. In the
accompanying illustrations Fig. 360 shows the action of the wedges when
tightening up the frame, the result being to open the mitre joint. Fig.
361 shows the position of the saw cuts for receiving the hardwood wedges.
Note that the parallel groove is carried the full length of the material
for greater convenience in cutting. The other groove is taken from the
outer angle of the mitre joint inwards. The cut finishes with due regard
to the necessary taper; see the dotted lines showing taper in Fig. 360.
The grooves will be wide enough after being cut with an ordinary hand-rip
saw, but for large work they are usually grooved on the circular saw
bench.

[Illustration: Fig. 360., Fig. 361. Joint and Method of Wedging
the Frames of Oil Paintings.]

CORRUGATED STEEL FASTENERS.--It is now many years ago since the steel
saw-edge fastener first appeared on the market, but probably 80 per cent.
of amateur woodworkers have never yet sampled its advantages.

In appearance