how in what school he was a scholar: "The Hermit," "Ode to
Peace," "The Triumph of Melancholy," "Retirement," etc., etc. "The
Minstrel" ran through four editions before the publication of its second
book in 1774.

[1] Svend Grundtvig's great collection, "Danmarks Gamle Folkeviser," was
published in five volumes in 1853-90.

[2] Francis James Child's "English and Scottish Popular Ballads," issued
in ten parts in 1882-98 is one of the glories of American scholarship.

[3] _Cf._ The Tannhaeuser legend and the Venusberg.

[4] "The Wife of Usher's Well."

[5] It should never be forgotten that the ballad (derived from
_ballare--to dance)_ was originally not a written poem, but a song and
dance. Many of the old tunes are preserved. A number are given in
Chappell's "Popular Music of the Olden Time," and in the appendix to
Motherwell's "Minstrelsy, Ancient and Modern" (1827).

[6] "A Ballad." One theory explains these meaningless refrains as
remembered fragments of older ballads.

[7] Reproduced by Rossetti and other moderns. See them parodied in Robert
Buchanan's "Fleshly School of Poets":

"When seas do roar and skies do pour,
Hard is the lot of the sailor
Who scarcely, as he reels, can tell
The sidelights from the binnacle."

[8] "I never heard the old song of Percie and Douglas that I found not my
heart moved more than with a trumpet; and yet it is sung but by some
blind crouder, with no rougher voice than rude style; which being so evil
apparelled in the dust and cobwebs of that uncivil age, what would it
work, trimmed in the gorgeous eloquence of Pindar!"

[9] Empty: "Bonnie George Campbell."

[10] "Lord Randall."

[11] Turf: "The Twa Corbies."

[12] I use this phrase without any polemic purpose. The question of
origins is not here under discussion. Of course at some stage in the
history of any ballad the poet, the individual artist, is present, though
the precise ration of his agency to the communal element in the work is
obscure. For an acute and learned view of this topic, see the
Introduction to "Old English Ballads," by Professor Francis B. Gummere
(Atheneum Press Series), Boston, 1894.

[13] From "Jock o' Hazel Green." "Young Lochinvar" is derived from
"Katherine Janfarie" in the "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border."

[14] "Scott has given us nothing more complete and lovely than this little
song, which unites simplicity and dramatic power to a wildwood music of
the rares