ndant supply
is reserved to the town itself. The fishermen live for the most part in
a separate quarter called La Beurriere, situated in the upper part of
the town. In 1905 the fisheries of Boulogne and the neighbouring village
of Etaples employed over 400 boats and 4500 men, the value of the fish
taken being estimated at L1,025,000. Among the numerous industrial
establishments in Boulogne and its environs may be mentioned foundries,
cement-factories, important steel-pen manufactories, oil-works,
dye-works, fish-curing works, flax-mills, saw-mills, and manufactories
of cloth, fireproof ware, chocolate, boots and shoes, and soap.
Shipbuilding is also carried on.

Among the objects of interest in the neighbourhood the most remarkable
is the Colonne de la Grande Armee, erected on the high ground above the
town, in honour of Napoleon I., on occasion of the projected invasion of
England, for which he here made great preparations. The pillar, which is
of the Doric order, 166 ft. high, is surmounted by a statue of the
emperor by A.S. Bosio. Though begun in 1804, the monument was not
completed till 1841. On the edge of the cliff to the east of the port
are some rude brick remains of an old building called Tour d'Ordre, said
to be the ruins of a tower built by Caligula at the time of his intended
invasion of Britain.

Boulogne is identified with the _Gessoriacum_ of the Romans, under whom
it was an important harbour. It is suggested that it was the _Portus
Itius_ where Julius Caesar assembled his fleet (see ITIUS PORTUS). At an
early period it began to be known as _Bononia_, a name which has been
gradually modified into the present form. The town was destroyed by the
Normans in 882, but restored about 912. During the Carolingian period
Boulogne was the chief town of a countship that was for long the subject
of dispute between Flanders and Ponthieu. From the year 965 it belonged
to the house of Ponthieu, of which Godfrey of Bouillon, the first king
of Jerusalem, was a scion. Stephen of Blois, who became king of England
in 1135, had married Mahaut, daughter and heiress of Eustace, count of
Boulogne. Their daughter Mary married Matthew of Alsace (d. 1173), and
her daughter Ida (d. 1216) married Renaud of Dammartin. Of this last
marriage was issue Mahaut, countess of Boulogne, wife of Philip Hurepel
(d. 1234), a son of King Philip Augustus. To her succeeded the house of
Brabant, issue of Mahaut of Boulogne, sister of Ida, and wife