and soon afterwards.
He was compelled to open a school to support himself. Napoleon restored
him to the service, and he commanded the squadron sent to occupy
Guadaloupe during the peace of Amiens, but he had no further service,
and lived in obscurity till his death on the 21st of July 1832.

Tronde, _Batailles navales de la France_, vols. ii. and iii., and
James, _Naval History_, vols. i. and ii., give accounts of the 1st of
June and the expedition to Ireland. There is a vigorous account of the
expedition in Tronde's _English in Ireland_, and it is dealt with in
Admiral Colomb's _Naval Warfare_. (D. H.)

BOUVIER, JOHN (1787-1851), American jurist, was born in Codogno, France,
in 1787. In 1802 his family, who were Quakers (his mother was a member
of the well-known Benezet family), emigrated to America and settled in
Philadelphia, and after varied experiences as proprietor of a book shop
and as a country editor he was admitted to the bar in 1818, having
become a citizen of the United States in 1812. He attained high standing
in his profession, was recorder of Philadelphia in 1836, and from 1838
until his death was an associate justice of the court of criminal
sessions in that city. He is best known for his able legal writings. His
_Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United
States of America and of the Several States of the American Union_
(1839, revised and brought up to date by Francis Rawle, under the title
of _Bouvier's Law Dictionary_, 2 vols., 1897) has always been a
standard. He published also an edition of _Bacon's Abridgement of the
Law_ (10 vols., 1842-1846), and a compendium of American law entitled
_The Institutes of American Law_ (4 vols., 1851; new ed. 2 vols., 1876).

BOUVINES, a village on the French-Belgian frontier between Lille and
Tournay, the scene of one of the greatest battles of the middle ages,
fought on the 27th of July 1214, between the forces of Philip Augustus,
king of France, and those of the coalition formed against him, of which
the principal members were the emperor and King John of England. The
plan of campaign seems to have been designed by King John, who was the
soul of the alliance; his general idea was to draw the French king to
the southward against himself, while the emperor Otto IV., the princes
of the Netherlands and the main army of the allies should at the right
moment march upon Paris from the north. John's part in the general