r of military cloaks for the army, then in East
Prussia, he found that the only means of procuring them expeditiously
was to order them from England. After gaining a large fortune while at
Hamburg, he was recalled to France in disgrace at the close of 1810. In
1814 he embraced the royal cause, and during the Hundred Days (1815)
accompanied Louis XVIII. to Ghent. The rest of his life was uneventful;
he died at Caen on the 7th of February 1834, after suffering from a
mental malady for two years.

The fame of Bourrienne rests, not upon his achievements or his
original works, which are insignificant, but upon his _Memoires_,
edited by C.M. de Villemarest (10 vols., Paris, 1829-1831), which
have been frequently republished and translated. The best English
edition is that edited by Colonel R.W. Phipps (4 vols., London,
1893); a new French edition has been edited by D. Lacroix (5 vols.,
Paris, 1899-1900). See _Bourrienne et ses erreurs, volontaires et
involontaires_ (Paris, 1830), by Generals Belliard, Gourgaud, &c., for
a discussion of the genuineness of his Memoirs; also _Napoleon et ses
detracteurs_, by Prince Napoleon (Paris, 1887; Eng. trans., London,
1888). (J. Hl. R.)

BOURRIT, MARC THEODORE (1739-1819), Swiss traveller and writer, came of
a family which was of French origin but had taken refuge at Geneva for
reasons connected with religion. His father was a watchmaker there, and
he himself was educated in his native city. He was a good artist and
etcher, and also a pastor, so that by reason of his fine voice and love
of music he was made (1768) precentor of the church of St Peter (the
former cathedral) at Geneva. This post enabled him to devote himself to
the exploration of the Alps, for which he had conceived a great passion
ever since an ascent (1761) of the Voirons, near Geneva. In 1775 he made
the first ascent of the Buet (10,201 ft.) by the now usual route from
the Pierre a Berard, on which the great flat rock known as the _Table au
Chantre_ still preserves his memory. In 1784-1785 he was the first
traveller to attempt the ascent of Mont Blanc (not conquered till 1786),
but neither then nor later (1788) did he succeed in reaching its summit.
On the other hand he reopened (1787) the route over the Col du Geant
(11,060 ft.), which had fallen into oblivion, and travelled also among
the mountains of the Valais, of the Bernese Oberland, &c. He received a
pension from Louis XVI., and was