lly given, from his
birthplace Hertogenbosch, to Hieronymus van Aeken, the Dutch painter. He
was probably a pupil of Albert Ouwater, and may be called the Breughel
of the 15th century, for he devoted himself to the invention of bizarre
types, _diableries_, and scenes of the kind generally associated with
Breughel, whose art is to a great extent based on Bosch's. He was a
satirist much in advance of his time, and one of the most original and
ingenious artists of the 15th century. He exercised great influence on
Lucas Cranach, who frequently copied his paintings. His works were much
admired in Spain, especially by Philip II., at whose court Bosch painted
for some time. One of his chief works is the "Last Judgment" at the
Berlin gallery, which also owns a little "St Jerome in the Desert." "The
Fall of the Rebellious Angels" and the "St Anthony" triptych are in the
Brussels museum, and two important triptychs are at the Munich gallery.
The Lippmann collection in Berlin contains an important "Adoration of
the Magi," the Antwerp museum a "Passion," and a practically unknown
painting from his brush is at the Naples museum.

BOSCOVICH, ROGER JOSEPH (1711?-1787), Italian mathematician and natural
philosopher, one of the earliest of foreign _savants_ to adopt Newton's
gravitation theory, was born at Ragusa in Dalmatia on the 18th of May
1711, according to the usual account, but ten years earlier according to
Lalande (_Eloge_, 1792). In his fifteenth year, after passing through
the usual elementary studies, he entered the Society of Jesus. On
completing his noviciate, which was spent at Rome, he studied
mathematics and physics at the Collegium Romanum; and so brilliant was
his progress in these sciences that in 1740 he was appointed professor
of mathematics in the college. For this post he was especially fitted by
his acquaintance with recent advances in science, and by his skill in a
classical severity of demonstration, acquired by a thorough study of the
works of the Greek geometricians. Several years before this appointment
he had made himself a name by an elegant solution of the problem to find
the sun's equator and determine the period of its rotation by
observation of the spots on its surface. Notwithstanding the arduous
duties of his professorship he found time for investigation in all the
fields of physical science; and he published a very large number of
dissertations, some of them of considerable length, on a wide v