he
was succeeded by Baron Stephan Burian de Rajecz. During this period life
and property were rendered secure, and great progress was achieved, on
the lines already indicated, in creating an efficient civil service,
harmonizing Moslem law with new enactments, promoting commerce, carrying
out important public works, and reorganizing the fiscal and educational
systems. All classes and creeds were treated impartially; and, although
the administration has been reproached alike for undue harshness and
undue leniency, neither accusation can be sustained. Critics have also
urged that Kallay fostered the desire for material welfare at the cost
of every other national ideal; that, despite his own popularity, he
never secured the goodwill of the people for Austria-Hungary; that he
left the agrarian difficulty unsolved, and the hostile religious
factions unreconciled. These charges are not wholly unfounded; but the
chief social and political evils in Bosnia and Herzegovina may be traced
to historical causes operative long before the Austro-Hungarian
occupation, and above all to the political ambition of the rival
churches. Justly to estimate the work done by Kallay, it is only
necessary to point to the contrast between Bosnia in 1882 and Bosnia in
1903; for in 21 years the anarchy and ruin entailed by four centuries of
misrule were transformed into a condition of prosperity unsurpassed in
south-eastern Europe.

Austrian annexation.

It was no doubt natural that Austrian statesmen should wish to end the
anomalous situation created by the treaty of Berlin, by incorporating
Bosnia and Herzegovina into the Dual Monarchy. The treaty had
contemplated the evacuation of the occupied provinces after the
restoration of order and prosperity; and this had been expressly
stipulated in an agreement signed by the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman
plenipotentiaries at Berlin, as a condition of Turkish assent to the
provisions of the treaty. But the Turkish reform movement of 1908 seemed
to promise a revival of Ottoman power, which might in time have enabled
the Turks to demand the promised evacuation, and thus to reap all the
ultimate benefits of the Austrian administration. The reforms in Turkey
certainly encouraged the Serb and Moslem inhabitants of the occupied
territory to petition the emperor for the grant of a constitution
similar to that in force in the provinces of Austria proper. But the
Austro-Hungarian government, profiting by the we