rate instruction is given by the Orthodox, Roman
Catholic, Jewish and Moslem clergy. There are also various private
schools, belonging to the different religious communities. These receive
a grant from the government, which nevertheless encourages all parents
to send their children to its own schools. One of the earliest and
best-known private schools is the orphanage at Serajevo, founded in 1869
by two English ladies, Miss Irby and Miss Mackenzie. In the Moslem
schools, which, in 1905, comprised 855 _mektebs_ or primary schools, and
41 _madrasas_ or high schools, instruction is usually given in Turkish
or Arabic; while in Orthodox schools the books are printed in Cyrillic
characters.

For higher education there were in 1908 three gymnasia, a real-school at
Banjaluka, a technical college and a teachers' training-college at
Serajevo, where, also, is the state school for Moslem law-students,
called _scheriatschule_ from the _sheri_ or Turkish code; and various
theological, commercial and art institutes. Promising pupils are
frequently sent to Vienna University, with scholarships, which may be
forfeited if the holders engage in political agitation.

14. _Antiquities._--Up to 1900 no traces of palaeolithic man had been
discovered in Bosnia or Herzegovina; but many later prehistoric remains
are preserved in Serajevo museum. The neolithic station of Butmir, near
Ilidze, was probably a lake-dwellers' colony, and has yielded numerous
stone and horn implements, clay figures and pottery. Not far off,
similar relics were found at Sobunar, Zlatiste and Debelobrdo; iron and
bronze ornaments, vessels and weapons, often of elaborate design, occur
in the huts and cemeteries of Glasinac, and in the cemetery of Jezerine,
where they are associated with objects in silver, tin, amber, glass, &c.
Among the numerous finds made in other districts may be mentioned the
discovery, at Vrankamer, near Bihac, of 98 African coins, the oldest of
which dates from 300 B.C. Many vestiges of Roman rule survive, such as
roads, mines, ruins, tombs, coins, frescoes and inscriptions. Such
remains occur frequently near Bihac, Foca, Livno, Jajce and Serajevo;
and especially near the sources of the Drina. The period between the
downfall of Roman power, late in the 5th century, and the growth of a
Bosnian state, in the 11th, is poorer in antiquities. The later middle
ages are represented by several monasteries, and many castles, such as
those of Dervent, Doboj,