ed Bogomilism, and persecuted his former co-religionists, until
the menace of an insurrection forced him to grant an amnesty. His
position was endangered by the growing power of his father-in-law,
Stephen Vukcic, an ardent Bogomil, who had united Tribunia and Hlum into
a single principality. Vukcic--or _Cosaccia_, as he is frequently called
by the contemporary chroniclers, from his birthplace, Cosac--was the
first and last holder of the title "Duke of St Sava," conferred on him
by the emperor Frederick III. in 1448; and from this title is derived
the name _Herzegovina_, or "the Duchy." Hardly had the king become
reconciled with this formidable antagonist, when, in 1453, the death of
Hunyadi, and the fall of Constantinople, left Bosnia defenceless against
the Turks. In 1460 it was again invaded. Venice and the Papacy were
unable, and Hungary unwilling, to render assistance; while the Croats
proved actively hostile. Ostojic died in 1461, and his successor
Tomasevic (Stephen VII., 1461-1463) surrendered to the Turks and was
beheaded. Herzegovina, where Vukcic offered a desperate resistance, held
out until 1483; but apart from the heroic defence of Jajce, the efforts
of the Bosnians were feeble and inglorious, many of the Bogomils joining
the enemy. From 1463 the greater part of the country submitted to the
Turks; but the districts of Jajce and Srebrenica were occupied by
Hungarian garrisons, and organized as a separate "banate" or "kingdom of
Bosnia," until 1526, when the Hungarian power was broken at Mohacs. In
1528 Jajce surrendered, after repelling every attack by the Turkish
armies for 65 years.

The fall of Jajce was the consummation of the Turkish conquest. It was
followed by the flight of large bodies of Christian refugees. Many of
the Roman Catholics withdrew into Croatia-Slavonia and south Hungary,
where they ultimately fell again under Ottoman dominion. Others found
shelter in Rome or Venice, and a large number settled in Ragusa, where
they doubtless contributed to the remarkable literary development of the
16th and 17th centuries in which the use of the Bosnian dialect was a
characteristic feature. Some of the most daring spirits waged war on
their conquerors from Clissa in Dalmatia, and afterwards from Zengg in
maritime Croatia, where they formed the notorious pirate community of
the Uskoks (q.v.). There was less inducement for the Orthodox
inhabitants to emigrate, because almost all the neighbouring lands were