the neck.
The proper classification is into lateral and median fissures. In a
case studied by Fevrier the exploration of a lateral pharyngeal fistula
produced by the introduction of the sound violent reflex phenomena,
such as pallor of the face and irregular, violent beating of the heart.
The rarest of the lateral class is the preauricular fissure, which has
been observed by Fevrier, Le Dentu, Marchand, Peyrot, and Routier.

The median congenital fissures of the neck are probably caused by
defective union of the branchial arches, although Arndt thinks that he
sees in these median fistulas a persistence of the hypobranchial furrow
which exists normally in the amphioxus. They are less frequent than the
preceding variety.

The most typical form of malformation of the esophagus is imperforation
or obliteration. Van Cuyck of Brussels in 1824 delivered a child which
died on the third day from malnutrition. Postmortem it was found that
the inferior extremity of the esophagus to the extent of about two
inches was converted into a ligamentous cord. Porro describes a case of
congenital obliteration of the esophagus which ended in a cecal pouch
about one inch below the inferior portion of the glottidean aperture
and from this point to the stomach only measured an inch; there was
also tracheal communication. The child was noticed to take to the
breast with avidity, but after a little suckling it would cough, become
livid, and reject most of the milk through the nose, in this way almost
suffocating at each paroxysm; it died on the third day.

In some cases the esophagus is divided, one portion opening into the
bronchial or other thoracic organs. Brentano describes an infant dying
ten days after birth whose esophagus was divided into two portions, one
terminating in a culdesac, the other opening into the bronchi; the left
kidney was also displaced downward. Blasius describes an anomalous case
of duplication of the esophagus. Grashuys, and subsequently Vicq
d'Azir, saw a dilatation of the esophagus resembling the crop of a bird.

Anomalies of the Lungs.--Carper describes a fetus of thirty-seven weeks
in whose thorax he found a very voluminous thymus gland but no lungs.
These organs were simply represented by two little oval bodies having
no lobes, with the color of the tissue of the liver. The heart had only
one cavity but all the other organs were perfectly formed. This case
seems to be unique. Tichomiroff records the case of a w