as seen that in the place of a kidney there were
two left organs connected at the apices by a prolongation of the
cortical substance of each; the child had died of neglected malarial
fever. Sandifort speaks of a case of double kidneys and double ureters,
and cases of supernumerary kidney are not uncommon, generally being
segmentation of one of the normal kidneys. Rayer has seen three kidneys
united and formed like a horseshoe. We are quite familiar with the
ordinary "horseshoe kidney," in which two normal kidneys are connected.

There are several forms of displacement of the kidneys, the most common
being the "floating kidney," which is sometimes successfully removed or
fixed; Rayer has made an extensive study of this anomaly.

The kidney may be displaced to the pelvis, and Guinard quotes an
instance in which the left kidney was situated in the pelvis, to the
left of the rectum and back of the bladder. The ureter of the left side
was very short. The left renal artery came from the bifurcation of the
aorta and the primitive iliacs. The right kidney was situated normally,
and received from the aorta two arteries, whose volume did not surpass
the two arteries supplying the left suprarenal capsule, which was in
its ordinary place. Displacements of the kidney anteriorly are very
rare.

The ureters have been found multiple; Griffon reports the history of a
male subject in whom the ureter on the left side was double throughout
its whole length; there were two vesical orifices on the left side one
above the other; and Morestin, in the same journal, mentions ureters
double on both sides in a female subject. Molinetti speaks of six
ureters in one person. Littre in 1705 described a case of coalition of
the ureters. Allen describes an elongated kidney with two ureters.
Coeyne mentions duplication of the ureters on both sides. Lediberder
reports a case in which the ureter had double origin. Tyson cites an
instance of four ureters in an infant. Penrose mentions the absence of
the upper two-thirds of the left ureter, with a small cystic kidney,
and there are parallel cases on record.

The ureters sometimes have anomalous terminations either in the rectum,
vagina, or directly in the urethra. This latter disposition is realized
normally in a number of animals and causes the incessant flow of urine,
resulting in a serious inconvenience. Flajani speaks of the termination
of the ureters in the pelvis; Nebel has seen them appear just be