low. Gay describes a child with epispadias whose penis had
undergone such torsion on its axis that its inferior surface looked
upward to the left, and the child passed urine toward the left
shoulder. Follin mentions a similar instance in a boy of twelve with
complete epispadias, and Verneuil and Guerlin also record cases, both
complicated with associate maldevelopment. Caddy mentions a youth of
eighteen who had congenital torsion of the penis with out hypospadias
or epispadias. There was a complete half-turn to the left, so that the
slit-like urinary meatus was reversed and the frenum was above. Among
the older writers who describe incurvation or torsion of the penis are
Arantius, the Ephemerides, Haenel, Petit, Schurig, Tulpius, and
Zacchias.

Zacutus Lusitans speaks of torsion of the penis from freezing.
Paullini mentions a case the result of masturbation, and Hunter speaks
of torsion of the penis associated with arthritis.

Ossification of the Penis.--MacClellann speaks of a man of fifty-two
whose penis was curved and distorted in such a manner that urine could
not be passed without pain and coitus was impossible. A bony mass was
discovered in the septum between the corpora cavernosa; this was
dissected out with much hemorrhage and the upward curvature was
removed, but there resulted a slight inclination in the opposite
direction. The formation of bone and cartilage in the penis is quite
rare. Velpeau, Kauffmann, Lenhoseck, and Duploy are quoted by Jacobson
as having seen this anomaly. There is an excellent preparation in
Vienna figured by Demarquay, but no description is given. The
Ephemerides and Paullini describe osseous penises.

The complete absence of the frenum and prepuce has been observed in
animals but is very rare in man. The incomplete or irregular
development is more frequent, but most common is excessive development
of the prepuce, constituting phimosis, when there is abnormal adherence
with the glans. Instances of phimosis, being quite common, will be
passed without special mention. Deficient or absent prepuce has been
observed by Blasius, Marcellus Donatus, and Gilibert. Partial
deficiency is described by Petit Severinus, and others.

There may be imperforation or congenital occlusion of some portion of
the urethra, causing enormous accumulation of urine in the bladder, but
fortunately there is generally in such cases some anomalous opening of
the urethra giving vent to the excretions. Tulpius men