of his dwarfs Prime Minister.

Charles IX in 1572 had nine dwarfs, of which four had been given to him
by King Sigismund-Augustus of Poland and three by Maximilian II of
Germany. Catherine de Medicis had three couples of dwarfs at one time,
and in 1579 she had still five pygmies, named Merlin, Mandricart,
Pelavine, Rodomont, and Majoski. Probably the last dwarf in the Court
of France was Balthazar Simon, who died in 1662.

Sometimes many dwarfs were present at great and noble gatherings. In
Rome in 1566 the Cardinal Vitelli gave a sumptuous banquet at which the
table-attendants were 34 dwarfs. Peter the Great of Russia had a
passion for dwarfs, and in 1710 gave a great celebration in honor of
the marriage of his favorite, Valakoff, with the dwarf of the Princess
Prescovie Theodorovna. There were 72 dwarfs of both sexes present to
form the bridal party. Subsequently, on account of dangerous and
difficult labor, such marriages were forbidden in Russia.

In England and in Spain the nobles had the portraits of their dwarfs
painted by the celebrated artists of the day. Velasquez has represented
Don Antonio el Ingles, a dwarf of fine appearance, with a large dog,
probably to bring out the dwarf's inferior height. This artist also
painted a great number of other dwarfs at the Court of Spain, and in
one of his paintings he portrays the Infanta Marguerite accompanied by
her male and female dwarfs. Reproductions of these portraits have been
given by Garnier. In the pictures of Raphael, Paul Veronese, and
Dominiquin, and in the "Triumph of Caesar" by Mantegna, representations
of dwarfs are found, as well as in other earlier pictures representing
Court events. At the present time only Russia and Turkey seem to have
popular sympathy for dwarfs, and this in a limited degree.

Intellectual Dwarfs.--It must be remarked, however, that many of the
dwarfs before the public have been men of extraordinary-intelligence,
possibly augmented by comparison. In a postmortem discussed at a
meeting of the Natural History Society at Bonn in 1868 it was
demonstrated by Schaufhausen that in a dwarf subject the brain weighed
1/19 of the body, in contradistinction to the average proportion of
adults, from 1 to 30 to 1 to 44. The subject was a dwarf of sixty-one
who died in Coblentz, and was said to have grown after his thirtieth
year. His height was 2 feet 10 inches and his weight 45 pounds. The
circumference of the head was 520 mm. and the brain