on.

Complete absence of the ovaries is seldom seen, but there are instances
in which one of the ovaries is missing. Hunter, Vidal, and Chaussier
report in full cases of the absence of the ovaries, and Thudicum has
collected 21 cases of this nature. Morgagni, Pears, and Cripps have
published observations in which both ovaries were said to have been
absent. Cripps speaks of a young girl of eighteen who had an infantile
uterus and no ovaries; she neither menstruated nor had any signs of
puberty. Lauth cites the case of a woman whose ovaries and uterus were
rudimentary, and who exhibited none of the principal physiologic
characteristics of her sex; on the other hand, Ruband describes a woman
with only rudimentary ovaries who was very passionate and quite
feminine in her aspect.

At one time the existence of genuine supernumerary ovaries was
vigorously disputed, and the older records contain no instances, but
since the researches of Beigel, Puech, Thudicum, Winckler, de Sinety,
and Paladino the presence of multiple ovaries is an incontestable fact.
It was originally thought that supernumerary ovaries as well as
supernumerary kidneys were simply segmentations of the normal organs
and connected to them by portions of the proper substance; now,
however, by the recent reports we are warranted in admitting these
anomalous structures as distinct organs. It has even been suggested
that it is the persistence of these ovaries that causes the
menstruation of which we sometimes hear as taking place after
ovariotomy. Sippel records an instance of third ovary; Mangiagalli has
found a supernumerary ovary in the body of a still-born child, situated
to the inner side of the normal organ. Winckel discovered a large
supernumerary ovary connected to the uterus by its own ovarian
ligament. Klebs found two ovaries on one side, both consisting of true
ovarian tissue, and connected by a band 3/5 inch long.

Doran divides supernumerary ovaries into three classes:--

(1) The ovarium succentauriatum of Beigel.

(2) Those cases in which two masses of ovarian tissue are separated by
ligamentous bands.

(3) Entirely separate organs, as in Winckel's case.

Prolapsus or displacement of the ovaries into the culdesac of Douglas,
the vaginal wall, or into the rectum can be readily ascertained by the
resulting sense of nausea, particularly in defecation or in coitus.
Munde, Barnes, Lentz, Madden, and Heywood Smith report instances, and
Cloquet descr