not to be liable for loss unless such value is declared by
the customer and the carrier's increased charge paid. Where the value is
thus declared, the carrier may, by public notice, demand an increased
charge, for which he must, if required, sign a receipt. Failing such
receipt or notice, the carrier must refund the increased charge and
remain liable as at common law. Except as above no mere notice or
declaration shall affect a carrier's liability; but he may make special
contracts with his customers. The carriage of goods by sea is subject to
special regulations (see AFFREIGHTMENT). The carriage of goods by
railway and canal is subject to the law of common carrier, except where
varied by particular statutes, as the Railway and Canal Traffic Acts
1854 to 1894 and the Regulation of Railways Acts 1840 to 1893. The
effect of these acts is to prevent railway companies as common carriers
from limiting by special contract their liability to receive, forward
and deliver goods, unless the conditions embodied in the special
contract are reasonable, and the contract is in writing and signed by,
or on behalf of, the sender. A railway company must provide reasonable
facilities for forwarding passengers' luggage; where luggage is taken
into the carriage with a passenger, the company is responsible for it
only in so far as loss or damage is due to the passenger's interference
with the company's exclusive control of it. As carriers of passengers
companies are bound, in the absence of any special contract, to exercise
due care and diligence, and are responsible for personal injuries only
when they have been occasioned by negligence or want of skill. Where
there has been contributory negligence on the part of the passenger,
i.e. where he might, by the exercise of ordinary care, have avoided the
consequences of the defendants' negligence--he is not entitled to
recover. By the act of 1846 (commonly called Lord Campbell's Act), when
a person's death has been caused by such negligence as would have
entitled him to an action had he survived, an action may be maintained
against the party responsible for the negligence on behalf of the wife,
husband, parent or child of the deceased. Previously such cases had been
governed by the maxim _actio personalis moritur cum persona_.

CARRIERE, MORITZ (1817-1895), German philosopher and historian, was born
at Griedel in Hesse Darmstadt on the 5th of March 1817. After studying
at Giessen, Gottingen