struck with
apoplexy, and died on the 28th of December 1715.

See _State-papers and Letters addressed to William Carstares_, to
which is prefixed a Life by M'Cormick (1774); Story's _Character and
Career of William Carstares_ (1874); Andrew Lang's _History of
Scotland_ (1907).

CARSTENS, ARMUS JACOB (1754-1798), German painter, was born in
Schleswig, and in 1776 went to Copenhagen to study. In 1783 he went to
Italy, where he was much impressed by the work of Giulio Romano. He then
settled in Lubeck as a portrait painter, but was helped to visit Rome
again in 1792, and gradually produced some fine subject and historical
paintings, e.g. "Plato's Symposium" and the "Battle of Rossbach"--which
made him famous. He was appointed professor at Berlin, and in 1795 a
great exhibition of his works was held in Rome, where he died in 1798.
Carstens ranks as the founder of the later school of German historical
painting.

CARSULAE, an ancient city of Umbria, on the Via Flaminia, 19 m. N. of
Narnia (mod. _Narni_) and 24 m. S.S.W. of Mevania (mod. _Bevagna_). It
is little mentioned in ancient literature. The town was a _municipium_.
The Via Flaminia is well preserved and enters the north gate of the
town, the archway of which still stands. Remains of buildings may also
be seen upon the site, and the outline of an amphitheatre is visible.
The town of Cesi, 3 m. to the south-east, has polygonal walls, and may
perhaps be regarded as an Umbrian city which was destroyed by the
Romans, Carsulae being constructed in its stead. The medieval city, as
so often happened in Italy, returned to the pre-Roman site.

See G. Gamurrini in _Notizie degli Scavi_ (1884), 149; for the tombs,
L. Lanzi, in _Notizie degli Scavi_ (1902), 592.

CART (A.S. _croet_, Gaelic _cairt_; connected with "car"), a general
term for various kinds of vehicles (see CARRIAGE), in some cases for
carrying people, but more particularly for transporting goods, for
agricultural or postal purposes, &c., or for carriers. Though
constructed in various ways, the simplest type for goods is two-wheeled,
topless and springless; but as a general term "cart" is used in
combination with some more specific qualification (dog-cart,
donkey-cart, road-cart, polo-cart, &c.), when it is employed for
pleasure purposes. The "dog-cart," so called because originally used to
convey sporting dogs, is a more or less elevated two-wheeled carriage,
generally with scats ba