aring the _martinella_, a bell to ring out military
signals. When war was regarded as likely the _martinella_ was attached
to the door of the church of Santa Maria in the Mercato Nuovo in
Florence and rung to warn both citizens and enemies. In times of peace
the carroccio was in the keeping of some great family which had
distinguished itself by signal services to the republic.

Accounts of the carroccio will be found in most histories of the
Italian republics; see for instance, M. Villani's _Chronache_, vi. 5
(Florence, 1825-1826); P. Villari, _The Two First Centuries of
Florentine History_, vol. i. (Engl. transl., London, 1894); Gino
Capponi, _Storia della Repubblica di Firenze_, vol. i. (Florence,
1875).

CARRODUS, JOHN TIPLADY (1836-1895), English violinist, was born on the
20th of January 1836, at Keighley, in Yorkshire. He made his first
appearance as a violinist at the age of nine, and had the advantage of
studying between the ages of twelve and eighteen at Stuttgart, with
Wilhelm Bernhard Molique. On his return to England in 1853 Costa got him
engagements in the leading orchestras. He was a member of the Covent
Garden opera orchestra from 1855, made his debut as a solo player at a
concert given on the 22nd of April 1863 by the Musical Society of
London, and succeeded Sainton as leader at Covent Garden in 1869. He
died at Hampstead on the 13th of July 1895. For many years he had led
the Philharmonic orchestra and those of the great provincial festivals.
He published two violin solos and a "_Morceau de salon_," and was a very
successful teacher.

CARROLL, CHARLES (1737-1832), American political leader, of Irish
ancestry, was born at Annapolis, Maryland, on the 19th of September
1737. He was educated abroad in French Jesuit colleges, studied law at
Bourges, Paris and London, and in February 1765 returned to Maryland,
where an estate known as "Carrollton," in Frederick county, was settled
upon him; he always signed his name as "Charles Carroll of Carrollton."
Before and during the War of Independence, he was a whig or patriot
leader, and as such was naturally a member of the various local and
provincial extra-legal bodies--committees of correspondence, committees
of observation, council of safety, provincial convention (1774-1776) and
constitutional convention (1776). From 1777 until 1800 he was a member
of the Maryland senate. In April-June 1776 he, with Samuel Chase and
Benjamin Franklin,