to Normandy he had been very moderate, it is
possible that, as he was nervous and ill when sent to Nantes, his mind
had become unbalanced by the atrocities committed by the Vendean and
royalist armies. Naturally, the stories told of him are not all true. He
was recalled by the Committee of Public Safety on the 8th of February
1794, took part in the attack on Robespierre on the 9th Thermidor, but
was himself brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal on the 11th and
guillotined on the 16th of November 1794.

See Comte Fleury, _Carrier a Nantes_, 1793-1794 (Paris, 1897); Alfred
Lallie, _J.B. Carrier, representant du Cantal a la Convention
1756-1794 d'apres de nouveaux documents_ (Paris, 1901). These works,
and the others of Lallie, are inspired by strong royalist sympathies
and are not altogether to be accepted.

CARRIER, a general term for any person who conveys the goods of another
for hire, more specifically applied to the tradesmen, now largely
superseded by the railway system, who convey goods in carts or wagons on
the public roads. In jurisprudence, however, the term is collectively
applied to all conveyers of property, whether by land or water; and in
this sense the changes and enlargements of the system of transit
throughout the world have given additional importance to the subject.
The law by which carriers, both by land and sea, are made responsible
for the goods entrusted to them, is founded on the praetorian edict of
the civil law, to which the ninth title of the fourth book of the
Pandect is devoted. The edict itself is contained in these few words,
"_nautae, caupones, stabularii, quod cujusque salvum fore receperint,
nisi restituent, in eos judicium dabo._" The simplicity of the rule so
announced has had a most beneficial influence on the commerce of the
world. Throughout the great civilized region which took its law directly
from Rome, and through the other less civilized countries which followed
the same commercial code, it laid a foundation for the principle that
the carrier's engagement to the public is a contract of indemnity. It
bound him in the general case, to deliver what he had been entrusted
with, or its value,--thus sweeping away all secondary questions or
discussions as to the conditions of mere or less culpability on his part
under which loss or damage may have occurred; and it left any
limitations of this general responsibility to be separately adjusted by
special contract.