to his clear and reasoned eloquence, which placed him at the
head of contemporary French orators. In 1893 he also became a member of
the French Academy. He distinguished himself by the vigour with which he
upheld the Senate against the encroachments of the chamber, but in 1895
failing health forced him to resign, and he died in Paris on the 26th of
October 1896. He published a translation of A. Heinrich Ritter's
_Geschichte der Philosophie_ (1861); _La Philosophie individualiste:
etude sur Guillaume de Humboldt_ (1864); and an edition of the works of
Madame d'Epinay (1869).

In 1897 appeared Joseph Reinach's edition of the _OEuvres oratoires
de Challemel-Lacour_.

CHALLENGE (O. Fr. _chalonge, calenge_, &c., from Lat. _calumnia_,
originally meaning trickery, from _calvi_, to deceive, hence a false
accusation, a "calumny"), originally a charge against a person or a
claim to anything, a defiance. The term is now particularly used of an
invitation to a trial of skill in any contest, or to a trial by combat
as a vindication of personal honour (see DUEL), and, in law, of the
objection to the members of a jury allowed in a civil action or in a
criminal trial (see JURY).

"CHALLENGER" EXPEDITION. The scientific results of several short
expeditions between 1860 and 1870 encouraged the council of the Royal
Society to approach the British government, on the suggestion of Sir
George Richards, hydrographer to the admiralty, with a view to
commissioning a vessel for a prolonged cruise for oceanic exploration.
The government detailed H.M.S. "Challenger," a wooden corvette of 2306
tons, for the purpose. Captain (afterwards Sir) George Nares was placed
in command, with a naval crew; and a scientific staff was selected by
the society with Professor (afterwards Sir) C. Wyville Thomson as
director. The staff included Mr (afterwards Sir) John Murray and Mr H.N.
Moseley, biologists; Dr von Willemoes-Suhm, Commander Tizard, and Mr
J.Y. Buchanan, chemist and geologist. A complete scheme of instructions
was drawn up by the society. The "Challenger" sailed from Portsmouth in
December 1872. For nearly a year the work of the expedition lay in the
Atlantic, which was crossed several times. Teneriffe, the Bermudas, the
Azores, Madeira, the Cape Verd Islands, Bahia and Tristan da Cunha were
successively visited, and in October 1873 the ship reached Cape Town.
Steering then south-east and east she visited the various islands
between