e; la
toilette des femmes depuis l'epoque gallo-romaine jusqu'a nos jours_
(1874, with 12 plates; new ed., 1880, with 21 coloured plates). His
_Memoires du peuple francaise_ (1865-1873) and _La France et les
Francais a travers les siecles_ (1882) at least have the merit of being
among the first books written on the social history of France. In this
sense Challamel was a pioneer, of no great originality, it is true, but
at any rate of fairly wide information. He died on the 20th of October
1894.

CHALLEMEL-LACOUR, PAUL AMAND (1827-1896), French statesman, was born at
Avranches on the 19th of May 1827. After passing through the Ecole
Normale Superieure he became professor of philosophy successively at Pau
and at Limoges. The _coup d'etat_ of 1851 caused his expulsion from
France for his republican opinions. He travelled on the continent, and
in 1856 settled down as professor of French literature at the
Polytechnic of Zurich. The amnesty of 1859 enabled him to return to
France, but a projected course of lectures on history and art was
immediately suppressed. He now supported himself by his pen, and became
a regular contributor to the reviews. On the fall of the Second Empire
in September 1870 the government of national defence appointed him
prefect of the department of the Rhone, in which capacity he had to
suppress the Communist rising at Lyons. Resigning his post on the 5th of
February 1871, he was in January 1872 elected to the National Assembly,
and in 1876 to the Senate. He sat at first on the Extreme Left; but his
philosophic and critical temperament was not in harmony with the
recklessness of French radicalism, and his attitude towards political
questions underwent a steady modification, till the close of his life
saw him the foremost representative of moderate republicanism. During
Gambetta's lifetime, however, Challemel-Lacour was one of his warmest
supporters, and he was for a time editor of Gambetta's organ, the
_Republique francaise_. In 1879 he was appointed French ambassador at
Bern, and in 1880 was transferred to London; but he lacked the
suppleness and command of temper necessary to a successful diplomatist.
He resigned in 1882, and in February 1883 became minister of foreign
affairs in the Jules Ferry cabinet, but retired in November of the same
year. In 1890 he was elected vice-president of the Senate, and in 1893
succeeded Jules Ferry as its president. His influence over that body was
largely due