45 deg. and 50 deg. S., and reached Kerguelen Island in January
1874. She next proceeded southward about the meridian of 80 deg. E. She
was the first steamship to cross the Antarctic circle, but the
attainment of a high southerly latitude was not an object of the voyage,
and early in March the ship left the south polar regions and made for
Melbourne. Extensive researches were now made in the Pacific. The route
led by New Zealand, the Fiji Islands, Torres Strait, the Banda Sea, and
the China Sea to Hong Kong. The western Pacific was then explored
northward to Yokohama, after which the "Challenger" struck across the
ocean by Honolulu and Tahiti to Valparaiso. She then coasted southward,
penetrated the Straits of Magellan, touched at Montevideo, recrossed the
Atlantic by Ascension and the Azores, and reached Sheerness in May 1876.
This voyage is without parallel in the history of scientific research.
The _"Challenger" Report_ was issued in fifty volumes (London,
1880-1895), mainly under the direction of Sir John Murray, who succeeded
Wyville Thomson in this work in 1882. Specialists in every branch of
science assisted in its production. The zoological collections alone
formed the basis for the majority of the volumes; the deep-sea soundings
and samples of the deposits, the chemical analysis of water samples, the
meteorological, water-temperature, magnetic, geological, and botanical
observations were fully worked out, and a summary of the scientific
results, narrative of the cruise and indices were also provided.

See also Lord G. Campbell, _Log Letters from the "Challenger"_,
(1876); W.J.J. Spry, _Cruise of H.M.S. "Challenger"_ (1876); Sir C.
Wyville Thomson, _Voyage of the "Challenger," The Atlantic,
Preliminary Account of General Results_ (1877); J.J. Wild, _At Anchor;
Narrative of Experiences afloat and ashore during the Voyage of H.M.S.
"Challenger"_ (1878); H.N. Moseley, _Notes by a Naturalist on the
"Challenger"_ (1879).

CHALLONER, RICHARD (1691-1781), English Roman Catholic prelate, was born
at Lewes, Sussex, on the 29th of September 1691. After the death of his
father, who was a rigid Dissenter, his mother, left in poverty, lived
with some Roman Catholic families. Thus it came about that he was
brought up as a Roman Catholic, chiefly at the seat of Mr Holman at
Warkworth, Northamptonshire, where the Rev. John Gother, a celebrated
controversialist, officiated as chaplain. In 1704 he was sent to