an," in the _Bombay Gazetteer_
(1896), vol. i. part ii.; Vincent A. Smith, _Early Hist. of India_
(Oxford, 1908), pp. 382 ff.

CHALYBAUS, HEINRICH MORITZ (1796-1862), German philosopher, was born at
Pfaffroda in Saxony. For some years he taught at Dresden, and won a high
reputation by his lectures on the history of philosophy in Germany. In
1839 he became professor in Kiel University, where, with the exception of
one brief interval, when he was expelled with several colleagues because
of his German sympathies, he remained till his death. His first published
work, _Historische Entwickelung der spekulativen Philosophic von Kant bis
Hegel_ (1837, 5th ed. 1860), which still ranks among the best expositions
of modern German thought, has been twice translated into English, by A.
Tulk (London, 1854), and by A. Edersheim (Edinburgh, 1854). His chief
works are _Entwurf eines Systems der Wissenschaftslehre_ (Kiel, 1846) and
_System der spekulativen Ethik_ (2 vols., 1850). He opposed both the
extreme realism of Herbart and what he regarded as the one-sided idealism
of Hegel, and endeavoured to find a mean between them, to discover the
ideal or formal principle which unfolds itself in the real or material
world presented to it. His _Wissenschaftslehre_, accordingly, divides
itself into (1) _Principlehre_, or theory of the one principle; (2)
_Vermittelungslehre_, or theory of the means by which this principle
realizes itself; and (3) _Teleologie_. The most noticeable point is the
position assigned by Chalybaus to the "World Ether," which is defined as
the infinite in time and space, and which, he thinks, must be posited as
necessarily coexisting with the Infinite Spirit or God. The fundamental
principle of the _System der Ethik_ is carried out with great strength of
thought, and with an unusually complete command of ethical material.

See J.E. Erdmann, _Grundriss der Gesch. d. Philos._ ii. 781-786; K.
Prantl, in _Allgem. deutsch. Biog._

CHALYBITE, a mineral species consisting of iron carbonate (FeCO3) and
forming an important ore of iron. It was early known as spathose iron,
spathic iron or steel ore. F.S. Beudant in 1832 gave the name siderose
(from [Greek: sideros], iron), which was modified by W. Haidinger in
1845 to siderite. Chalybite (from [Greek: chalyps], [Greek: chalybos],
Lat. _chalybs_, steel) is of slightly later date, having been given by
E.F. Glocker in 1847. The name siderite is in common use, bu