ast and north, and in the centre, are snowy ranges.
The valleys in the west and south are fertile. The chief rivers are the
Chandra and Ravi. The country is much in favour with sportsmen. The
principal crops are rice, maize and millet. Mineral ores of various
kinds are known, but unworked. Trade is chiefly in forest produce. The
capital of the state is Chamba (pop. 6000), situated above the gorge of
the Ravi. External communications are entirely by road. The state was
founded in the 6th century, and, though sometimes nominally subject to
Kashmir and afterwards tributary to the Mogul empire, always practically
maintained its independence. Its chronicles are preserved in a series of
inscriptions, mostly engraved on copper. It first came under British
influence in 1846, when it was declared independent of Kashmir. The line
of the rajas of Chamba was founded in the 6th century A.D. by Marut, of
an ancient family of Rajputs. In 1904 Bhuri Singh, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., an
enlightened and capable ruler, succeeded.

CHAMBAL, a river of India, one of the principal tributaries of the
Jumna. Rising amid the summits of the Vindhya mountains in Malwa, it
flows north, and after being joined by the Chambla and Sipra, passes
through the gorges of the Mokandarra hills. After receiving the waters
of the Kali-Sind, Parbati and Banas, its principal confluents, the
Chambal becomes a great river, enters the British district of Etawah,
and joins the Jumna 40 m. below Etawah town, its total length being 650
m.

CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836- ), British statesman, third son of Joseph
Chamberlain, master of the Cordwainers' Company, was born at Camberwell
Grove, London, on the 8th of July 1836. His father was a well-to-do man
of business, a Unitarian in religion and a Liberal in politics. Young
Chamberlain was educated at Canonbury from 1845 to 1850, and at
University College school, London, from 1850 to 1852. After two years in
his father's office in London, he was sent to Birmingham to join his
cousin Joseph Nettlefold in a screw business in which his father had an
interest; and by degrees, largely owing to his own intelligent
management, this business became very successful. Nettlefold &
Chamberlain employed new methods of attracting customers, and
judiciously amalgamated rival firms with their own so as to reduce
competition, with the result that in 1874, after twenty-two years of
commercial life, Mr Chamberlain was able to retire with