e also the name Croucher.

Matthew le Candeler.

Candler, Chandler.

Initial c- for ch- shows Norman or Picard origin (Chapter III).

Henry Bernard.

Barnard, Barnett.

The change from _er_ to _ar_ is regular; cf. Clark, and see Chapter
III. The endings -ard, -ald, are generally changed to -ett; cf.
Everett for Everard, Barrett for Berald, Garrett for Gerard, Garrard,
whence the imitative Garrison for Garretson.

William de Bosco.

Bush, Busk, Buss.

"For there is neither bush nor hay (Chapter XIII)
In May that it nyl shrouded bene."

(Romaunt of the Rose, 54.)

The name might also be translated as Wood. The corresponding name of
French origin is Boyce or Boyes, Fr. bois (Chapter XIV).

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

Henry de Sancta Ositha.

Toosey.

Cf. Fulk de Sancto Edmundo (supra), and cf. Tooley St.
for St. Olave St. (Chapter III).

Walter ate Stede.

Stead.

In this case the preposition has not coalesced, as in Adeane, at the
dean, i.e. hollow, Agate, at gate, etc. (Chapter XII).

William le Fevere.

Wright, Smith.

The French name survives as Feaver and Fevyer. Cf. also the Lat.
Faber, which is not always a modern German importation

(Chapter XII).

Thomas de Cumbe.

Combe, Coombes.

A West-country name for a hollow in a hillside (Chapter XII).

John State.

State, Stacey.

Generally for Eustace, but sometimes perhaps for Anastasia, as we find
Stacey used as a female name (Chapter III).

Richard le Teynturier.

Dyer, Dexter.

Dexter represents Mid. Eng. dighester, with the feminine agential
suffix (Chapter XV).

Henry le Waleys.

Wallis, Walsh, Welch.

Literally the foreigner, but especially applied by the English to the
Western Celts. Quelch represents the: Welsh pronunciation. With
Wallis cf. Cornwallis, Mid. Eng. le cornwaleis (Chapter X).

John le Bret.

Brett, Britton.

An inhabitant of Brittany, perhaps resident in that Breton colony in
London called Little Britain. Bret The Old French nominative of
Breton (Chapter VIII).

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

Thomas le Clerc.

Clark.

One of our commonest names. We now spell the common noun clerk by
etymological reaction, but educated people pronounce the word as it
was generally written up to the eighteenth century (Chapter III).

Stephen le Hatter

Hatter

The great rarity of this name is a curious problem (Chapter XV). The
name Capper exists, though it is no