peculation had passed from a
climate of Greek metaphysics to a climate of Roman law." Out of this
arose the Western controversies on the subject of Free-will and Divine
Providence. "The problem of Free-will arises when we contemplate a
metaphysical conception under a legal aspect."]

[Footnote 5327: Ibid. "The nature of Sin and its transmission by
inheritance; the debt owed by man and its vicarious satisfaction; the
necessity and sufficiency of the Atonement; above all the apparent
antagonism between Free-will and the Divine Providence-these were the
points which the West began to debate as ardently as ever the East
had discussed the articles of its more special creed." This juridical
fashion of conceiving theology appears in the works of the oldest Latin
theologians, Tertullian and Saint Cyprian.]

[Footnote 5328: Ibid. Among the technical notions borrowed from law and
here used in Latin theology we may cite "the Roman penal system, the
Roman theory of the obligations established by Contract or Delict," the
intercession or act by which one assumes the obligation contracted
by another, "the Roman view of Debts and of the modes of incurring,
extinguishing and transmitting them, the Roman notion of the continuance
of individual existence by Universal Succession,"]

[Footnote 5329: Cf. Fustel de Coulanges, "La Gaule Romaine," p.96
and following pages, on the rapidity, facility and depth of the
transformation by which Gaul became Latinized.]

[Footnote 5330: The Church of England, in its confession of faith, makes
this express declaration.]

[Footnote 5331: As called by Joseph de Maistre, referring to the Greek
church.]

[Footnote 5332: Duke Sermoneta-Gaetani has shown in his geographic map
of the "Divine Comedy" the exact correspondence of this poem with the
"Somme" by Saint Thomas.--It was already said of Dante in the middle
ages, Theologus Dantes nullius dogmatis expers.]

[Footnote 5333: Cf. "L'Empire des tsars et les Russes," by Anatole
Leroy-Beaulieu, vol. III., entire, on the characteristics of the
Russian clergy.]

[Footnote 5334: Bossuet, ed. Deforis, VI., 169. The Meaux catechism
(reproduced, with some additions, in the catechism adopted by Napoleon).
"What works are deemed satisfactory?"--"Works unpleasant to us imposed
by the priest as a penance."--"Repeat some of them."--"Alms-giving,
fastings, austerities, privations of what is naturally agreeable,
prayers, spiritual readings."]

[Footnote 5335: Ib