r beyond, the limits marked out for it.
Nothing pleases Napoleon more, who,

* in the civil order of things, wants to be Pope;

* who builds up his State, as the Pope his Church, on old Roman
tradition;

* who, to govern from above, allies himself with ecclesiastical
authority;

* who, like Catholic authorities, requires drilled executants and
regimental maneuvers, only to be found in organized and special bodies
of men.[6212]

The general inspectors of the University give to each rector the
following instructions as a watchword "Wherever the Brethren of the
Christian Schools can be found, they shall," for primary teaching, "be
preferred to all others."[6213] Thus, to the three classes of subjects
taught, a fourth must be added, one not mentioned by the legislator
in his law, but which Napoleon admits, which the rectors and prefects
recommend or authorize, and which is always inscribed in the contract
made between the commune and the instructor. The latter, whether layman
or 'frere ignorantin,' engages to teach, besides "reading, writing
and decimal arithmetic," "the catechism adopted by the Empire."
Consequently, as the first communion (of the pupil) draws near, he
is careful, for at least two years, to have his scholars learn the
consecrated text by heart, and to recite this text aloud on their
benches, article by article; in this way, his school becomes a branch of
the Church and, hence, like the Church, a reigning instrumentality. For,
in the catechism adopted for the Empire, there is one phrase carefully
thought out, full and precise in its meaning, in which Napoleon has
concentrated the quintessence of his political and social doctrine
and formulated the imperative belief assigned by him as the object of
education. The seven or eight hundred thousand children of the lower
schools recite this potent phrase to the teacher before reciting it to
the priest:

"We especially owe to Napoleon I., our Emperor, love, respect,
obedience, fidelity, military service, and the dues (tributs) prescribed
for the preservation and defense of the Empire and the throne.... For it
is he whom God has raised up in times of difficulty, to restore
public worship and the holy religion of our forefathers, and to be its
protector."[6214]

II. Higher Education.

Superior instruction.--Characters and conditions of
scientific universities.--Motives for opposition to them.
--In what respect adverse to the French s