agonism to the opposite interest;
it is in view of this object, in view of a political or religious
purpose, that each in its own domicile directs education and instruction
like Napoleon, each inculcates on, or insinuates into, young minds its
social and moral opinions which are clear-cut and become cutting. Now,
the majority of parents, who prefer peace to war, desire that their
children should entertain moderate and not bellicose opinions. They
would like to see them respectful and intelligent, and nothing more.
But neither of the two rival institutions thus limits itself; each works
beyond and aside,[6342] and when the father, at the end of July,[6343]
goes for his son at the ecclesiastical college or secular institution,
he risks finding in the young man of seventeen the militant prejudices,
the hasty and violent conclusions and the uncompromising rigidity of
either a "laicisant" or a "clerical."

III. Internal Vices

The internal vices of the system.--Barrack or convent
discipline of the boarding-school.--Number and proportions
of scholars in State and Church establishments.--Starting
point of the French boarding-school.--The school community
viewed not as a distinct organ of the State but as a
mechanism wielded by the State.--Effects of these two
conceptions.--Why the boarding-school entered into and
strengthened ecclesiastical establishments.--Effects of the
boarding-school on the young man.--Gaps in his experience,
errors of judgment, no education of his will.--The evil
aggravated by the French system of special and higher
schools.

Meanwhile, the innate vices of the primitive system have lasted and,
and, among others, the worst of all, the internat[6344] under the
discipline of barracks or convent, while the university, through
its priority and supremacy, in contact with or contiguously, has
communicated this discipline at first to its subordinates, and afterward
to its rivals.--In 1887,[6345] in the State lycees and colleges,
there are more than 39,000 boarding-schools (internes) while, in the
ecclesiastic establishments, it is worse: out of 50,000 pupils there,
over 27,000 are internes, to which must be added the 23,000 pupils of
the small seminaries, properly so called, nearly all of them boarders;
in a total of 163,000 pupils we find 89,000 internes.[6346] Thus, to
secure secondary instruction, more than one-half of the youth of France
u