gineer, specialist in nothing but
highly trained in mathematics, physics and chemistry. This education
is found, either in Ecole Centrale, mainly providing private enterprise
with engineers, and Polytechnique, mainly providing the State
with engineers. Specialist engineers, in construction, chemistry,
electronics, electricity etc. are produced by a few dozens prestigious
engineering or commercial schools which admit the students who have
completed 2 or 3 years of preparatory school and successfully competed
for the more popular schools. The special schools Taine talks about are
the precursors of a great many of the schools available in France
today. The principle of admission by concurs is still in use and produce
engineers who are able and willing to work hard, engineers who are
competent but often a bit proud and overly sure of themselves. (SR.)]

[Footnote 6222: Louis Liard, "Universites et Facultes," pp. 1-12.]

[Footnote 6223: Pelet de la Lozere, 176 (Session of the Council of
State, May 21, 1806).]

[Footnote 6224: Liard, "L'Enseignement superieur en France," 71, 73. "In
the law schools, say the memorials of 1789, there is not the fiftieth
part of the pupils who attend the professors' lectures."--Fourcroy,"
Expose des motifs de la loi concernant les Ecoles de droit," March 13,
1804. "In the old law faculties the studies were of no account, inexact
and rare, the lectures being neglected or not attended. Notes were
bought instead of being taken. Candidates were received so easily that
the examinations no longer deserved their name. Bachelor's degrees and
others were titles bought without study or trouble."--Cf the "Memoires"
of Brissot and the "Souvenirs of d'Audifret-Pasquier," both of them
law students before 1789.--M. Leo de Savigny, in his recent work,
"Die franzoesischen Rechts facultaeten" (p.74 et seq.) refers to other
authorities not less decisive.]

[Footnote 6225: Reference is made to the synopsis of the Justitian code
of civil and other Roman laws. (SR.)]

[Footnote 6226: Treaty of law written Roman jurists under Justitian in
533. (SR.)]

[Footnote 6227: Decree of March 19, 1807, articles 42, 45.]

[Footnote 6228: The French Supreme Court. (SR.)]

[Footnote 6229: Courcelle-Seneuil, "Preparation a l'etude du droit"
(1887), pp. 5, 6 (on the teaching of law by the Faculty of Paris).]

[Footnote 6230: Leo de Savigny, ibid., p. 161.]

[Footnote 6231: Breal, "Quelques mots sur l'instruction publique"