usians,
the superior-general is elected by the professed brethren of the Grande
Chartreuse who happen to be on hand when the vacancy occurs. They vote
by sealed ballots unsigned, under the presidency of two priors without a
vote.]

[Footnote 5308: The reader may call to mind the portrait of Brother
Philippe by Horace Vernet. For details of the terrible mortifications
inflicted on himself by Lacordaire see his life by Father Chocarne.
"Every sort of mortification which the saints prized, hair-cloth jackets
of penance, scourges, whips of every kind and form, he knew of and
used.... He scourged himself daily and often several times during the
day. During Lent and especially on Good Friday he literally scored and
flayed himself alive."]

[Footnote 5309: Notes (unpublished) by Count Chaptal.]

[Footnote 5310: "Etat des congregations, communantes et associations
religieuses, autorisees et non-autorisees, dresse en execution"
according to article 12, law of Dec. 28, 1876. (Imprimerie nationale,
1878)--"L'Institut des freres des ecoles chretiennes," by Eugene Rendu
(1882), p. 10.--Th. W. Allies, "Journal d'un voyage en France, p.81.
(Conversation with Brother Philippe, July 16, 1845.)--"Statistique de
Institut des Freres des Ecoles Chretiennes," Dec.31, 1888. (Drawn up by
the head establishment.) Out of the 121 houses of 1789, there were 117
of these in France and 4 in the colonies. Out of the 1,286 houses of
1888, there are 1,010 in France and in the colonies. The other 276 are
in other countries.]

[Footnote 5311: Emile Keller, "Les Congregations religieuses en France"
(1880), preface, xxIII., xvIII., and p. 492.]

[Footnote 5312: In 1789, 37,000 Sisters; in 1866, 86,000 Sisters
("Statistique de la France," 1866); in 1878, 127,753 Sisters ("Etat des
congregations," etc.).]

[Footnote 5313:. (But today, around 1990, there are only 5 nuns per
10,000 inhabitants. SR.)]

[Footnote 5314: Emile Keller, ibid., passim.--In many communities of
men and of women the personal expenses of each member are not over
300 francs per annum; with the Trappists at Devielle this is the
maximum.--If the value of the useful labor performed by these 160,000
monks and nuns be estimated at 1000 francs per head, which is below the
real figures, the total is 160 millions per annum; estimate the expenses
of each monk or nun at 500 francs per head and the total is 80 millions
a year. The net gain to the public is 80 millions per annum.]

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