ements of Aristotle which will be found in R. and P. 297. _Quasi
multiformes_: evidently a trans. of [Greek: polyeideis], which is opposed
to [Greek: haplous] in Plat. _Phaedr._ 238 A, and often. Plato uses also
[Greek: monoeides] for _unius modi_; cf. Cic. _Tim._ ch. VII., a transl. of
Plat. _Tim._ 35 A. _Prima sunt_: _primae_ (sc. _qualitates_) is the
needless em. of Walker, followed by Halm. _Formae_ = _genera_, [Greek:
eide]. The word is applied to the four elements themselves, _N.D._ I. 19;
cf. also _quintum genus_ below, and _Topica_, 11--13. A good view of the
history of the doctrine of the four elements may be gained from the section
of Stob. _Phys._, entitled [Greek: peri archon kai stoicheion kai tou
pantos]. It will be there seen that Cic. is wrong in making _initia_ and
_elementa_ here and in 39 ([Greek: archai] and [Greek: stoicheia])
convertible terms. The Greeks would call the four elements [Greek:
stoicheia] but _not_ [Greek: archai], which term would be reserved for the
primary Matter and Force. _Aer et ignis_: this is Stoic but _not_
Aristotelian. Aristot., starting with the four necessary properties of
matter, viz. heat, cold, dryness, moisture, marks the two former as active,
the two latter as passive. He then assigns _two_ of these properties, _one_
active and _one_ passive, to each of the four elements; each therefore is
to him _both_ active and passive. The Stoics assign only _one_ property to
each element; heat to fire, cold to air (cf. _N.D._ II. 26), moisture to
water, dryness to earth. The doctrine of the text follows at once. Cf.
Zeller, pp. 155, 187 sq., with footnotes, R. and P. 297 sq. _Accipiendi ...
patiendi_: [Greek: dechesthai] often comes in Plat. _Tim._ _Quintum genus_:
the note on this, referred to in Introd. p. 16, is postponed to 39.
_Dissimile ... quoddam_: so MSS.; one would expect _quiddam_, which Orelli
gives. _Rebatur_: an old poetical word revived by Cic. _De Or._ III. 153;
cf. Quintil. _Inst. Or._ VIII. 3, 26.

Sec.27. _Subiectam ... materiam_: the [Greek: hypokeimene hyle] of Aristotle,
from which our word subject-matter is descended. _Sine ulla specie_:
_species_ here = _forma_ above, the [Greek: eidos] or [Greek: morphe] of
Arist. _Omnibus_ without _rebus_ is rare. The ambiguity is sometimes
avoided by the immediate succession of a neuter relative pronoun, as in 21
in _quibusdam_, _quae_. _Expressa_: chiselled as by a sculptor (cf.
_expressa effigies_ _De Off_. III. 69); _