ter series of stamens that were thus
fused.[37]

[Illustration: FIG. 12.--_Crocus._ Adhesion of petaloid stamens to
perianth.]

=Adhesion of stamens to pistils.=--The stamens also may be united to the
pistils, as in gynandrous plants. Moquin speaks of such a case in a
_Scabious_; M. Clos in _Verbascum australe_.[38] I have seen cases of
the same kind in the Wallflower, Cowslip (_Primula veris_), Tulip,
Orange, in the garden Azalea and other plants.

=Miscellaneous adhesions.=--Sometimes organs, comparatively speaking,
widely separated one from the other, become united together. Miquel has
recorded the union of a stigma with the middle lobe of the lower lip of
the corolla of _Salvia pratensis_.[39] In the accompanying figure [fig.
13], taken from a double wallflower, there is shown an adhesion between
a petal and an open carpel on the one side, and a stamen on the other.

Moquin speaks of some pears, which were united, at an early stage, with
one or two small leaves borne by the peduncle and grafted to the fruit
by the whole of their upper surface. As the pear increased in size the
leaves became detached from it, leaving on the surface of the fruit an
impression of the same form as the leaf, and differing in colour from
the rest of the surface of the fruit. Traces of the principal nerves
were seen on the pear.

[Illustration: FIG. 13.--_Cheiranthus cheiri_. Adhesion of petal to
stamen and open carpel.]

It is curious to notice how very rare it is for the calyx to adhere to
the ovary in flowers where that organ is normally superior. The "_calyx
inferus_" seems scarcely ever to become "_calyx superus_," while, on the
other hand, the "_calyx normaliter superus_" frequently becomes inferior
from detachment from, or from want of union with the surface of the
ovary.

=Adhesion of fruit to branch.=--Of this Mr. Berkeley[40] cites an
instance in a vegetable marrow (_Cucumis_), where a female flower had
become confluent with the branch, at whose base it was placed, and also
with two or more flowers at the upper part of the same branch, so as to
make an oblique scar running down from the apex of the fruit to the
branch.

=Synanthy.=--Adhesion of two or more flowers takes place in various
ways; sometimes merely the stalks are united together, so that we have
a single peduncle, bearing at its extremity two flowers placed in
approximation very slightly adherent one to the other. In this manner I
have seen three flowers of