are in the outer portions of the flowers where growth is less
restricted.

Morren in his papers on synanthic _Calceolarias_, before referred to,
considers that the direction in which fusion acts is centripetal, _e.g._
from the circumference towards the centre of the flower, thus reversing
the natural order of things. He considers that there is a radical
antagonism between the normal organizing forces and the teratological
disorganizing forces, and explains in this way the frequent sterility of
monsters from an imperfect formation of stamens, or pistils, or both.

The greater tendency in synanthic flowers of parts of one whorl to
adhere to the corresponding organs in another flower has often been
remarked, though the dislocation of parts may be so great as to prevent
this from being carried out in all cases. It appears also that synanthy
is more frequently met with among flowers which have an inferior ovary
than in those in which the relative position of the organ in question
is reversed. This remark applies particularly to individual cases; the
proportion as regards the genera may not be so large. The explanation of
this must of course depend on the circumstances of each particular case;
and it would be wrong to attempt to lay down a general rule, when
organogenists have not yet fully decided in what plants the inferior
ovary is an axial structure, and in what others the appearance is due to
the adhesion of the base of the calyx to the carpels.

The list which follows is not intended as a complete one, but it may
serve to show what plants are more particularly subject to this anomaly;
the * indicates unusual frequency of occurrence, the ! signifies that
the writer has himself seen instances in the plants named. Many of the
recorded cases of Synanthy are really cases of adhesion of the
inflorescence rather than of the flowers.

Ranunculus Lingua.
bulbosus!
Aconitum Napellus.
Delphinium sp.!
Matthiola incana!
Arabis sagittata.
Silene sp.
Reseda odorata!
Vitis vinifera.
Citrus aurantium.
*Fuchsia var. hort.!
OEnothera sp.
Saxifraga sp.
Podalyria myrtillifolia.
Prunus Armeniaca.
spinosa.
Pyrus Malus.
Persica vulgaris.
Crataegus monogyna.
Robinia pseudacacia.
Gleditschia triacanthos.
Syringa persica.
Cornus sanguinea.
Viburnum sp.
*Lonicera sp. plur!
Centranthus ruber!
Valantia cruciata.
Centaurea moschata.
Jacea.
Zinnia elegans.