Masters, 'Journal of Linnean Society,' 1866, vol. viii, p. 207. On
the subject of this chapter the reader should also consult
Moquin-Tandon, 1. c., p. 298. Engelmann, 'De Antholysi,' p. 37, tab. v.
C. Morren, 'Bull. Acad. Belg.,' xix, part 3, p. 318. Cramer,
'Bildungsabweichungen,' p. 64. Fleischer, 'Missbild. Cultur. Pflanzen.'
As to the nature of inferior ovaries, see also Payer, 'Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr.' i, 1854, p. 283. Germain de Saint Pierre, _ibid._, p. 302. Caspary,
'Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,' t. vi, 1859, p. 235. Schleiden, 'Principles of
Botany,' English translation, p. 368. Duchartre, 'Elements de
Botanique,' p. 574. Le Maout et Decaisne, 'Traite general de Botanique,'
p. 57. Bentham, 'Journ. Linn. Soc.,' vol. x, p. 104 (Structure of
_Myrtaceae_), and other treatises on Organography.

PART III.

ALTERATIONS OF POSITION.

Necessarily connected with changes in the arrangement of organs are
similar alterations in their position; so closely, indeed, that but for
convenience sake, it would be unnecessary to treat them separately.
There are, however, some anomalous developments affecting the relative
position of organs that could hardly be treated of under any of the
preceding paragraphs. There are, also, certain rare instances where an
organ is not so much displaced as misplaced; that is to say, it is
developed on or from a portion of the plant, which under usual
circumstances does not produce such an organ. In the former instance,
the altered position is due to or coexistent with other changes, but in
the latter case the new growth may spring from organs otherwise in
nowise different from ordinary. The word Displacement is here used to
signify the unusual position of an organ; while Heterotaxy may serve to
include those cases where a new growth makes its appearance in an
unwonted situation, as, for instance, a leaf-bud on a root, &c.
Prolification is also included under this heading, the unusual position
of the buds in these cases being of graver import than the mere increase
in number. Alterations in the position of the sexual organs are spoken
of under the head of Heterogamy.

CHAPTER I.

DISPLACEMENT.

Real or apparent displacement of organs from their usual position is an
almost necessary consequence of, or is, at least, coexistent with a
large number of teratological phenomena. It is obvious that abnormal
unions or disunions, suppressions, hypertrophies, &c., are very liable
to bring about or